Relativistic strong-field ionization of hydrogen-like atoms or ions in a constant crossed electromagnetic field is studied. The transition amplitude formulated within the approximation G\"oppert-Mayer gauge, with initial and final electron states being described by corresponding Dirac-Coulomb Dirac-Volkov wave functions, respectively. Coulomb corrections to motion during tunneling are taken int...

We report on the strong field ionization of small transition metal clusters (nickel, Ni(n) n=1-36) within the quasistatic regime at an infrared wavelength of 1.5 microm and at intensities up to 2 x 10(14) W/cm(2). From ion yields in a constant axial intensity beam, we obtained saturation intensities for the individual Ni(n) clusters. As compared to quasistatic, single active electron calculatio...

The soft excess seen in many AGN is most probably due to partially ionized material moving at relativistic speeds close to the black hole. There are currently two potential geometries for this material, one where it is out of the line of sight, seen via reflection, e.g. the accretion disc, the other where it is in the line of sight, seen in absorption e.g. a wind above the disc. Both models req...

Oxidation of uracil (U) and thymine (5-Me-U) are believed to play a role in genetic instability because of the changes these oxidations cause in the ionization constants (pKa values), which in turn affects the base pairing and hence coding. However, interpretation of the experimental evidence for the changes of pKa with substitution at U has been complicated by the presence of two sites (N1 and...

The non-spherically symmetric winds of B[e] supergiants are investigated. An empirical density distribution is chosen that accounts for the density concentrations and ratios derived from observations, and our model winds are assumed to contain only hydrogen and helium. We first calculate the approximate ionization radii for H and He and compare the results with the ionization fractions calculat...

Measurements of electron transport, effective ionization, and attachment coefficients are reported for C2F4' In addition, measurements of the electron drift velocity and the effective ionization coefficient as a function of the density-reduced electric field E/N are reported for mixtures of C2F4 with Ar. The measured effective ionization coefficients in C2F4/Armixtures indicates a contribution ...

vary in a simple way with pH. This variation in maximal initial velocity was interpreted in terms of the ionization constants of two groups in the fumarase-fumarate and fumarase-n-malate complexes. In this article, data are presented for the pH variation of the maximal initial velocities and Michaelis constants of both substrates in 10 mM acetate buffer at 25”. These data may be interpreted in ...

[1] This study quantifies the influence of ionization production mechanisms on ion escape and transport through near-Mars space. The Mars Test Particle simulation calculates the detailed ion velocity space distribution through a background magnetic and electric field model at specific locations. The main objective of this work is to extensively probe the sources of O ion escape relative to the ...

Dusty plasmas in a gas discharge often feature a stable void, i.e., a dust-free region inside the dust cloud. This occurs under conditions relevant to both plasma processing discharges and plasma crystal experiments. The void results from a balance of the electrostatic and ion drag forces on a dust particle. The ion drag force is driven by a flow of ions outward from an ionization source and to...

A nonlinear LCR parallel circuit model of a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is derived from Lienard-type differential equation. The resistance and the inductance associated with multiplication (AM) are time-dependent governed by time constant due to impact ionization ratio. Time dependences current, voltage, resistance, in analyzed numerically solving During initial generation Geiger-mode ...