The current developments in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and its applications to the analysis of pharmaceuticals are reviewed. Various mass spectrometric techniques, including electrospray and nanospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and photoionization and their interface with liquid chromatographic techniques are described. These include high performan...

Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) from the liquid-water surface and from bulk liquid water are reported for water oxygen-1s ionization. Although less so than for the gas phase, the measured PADs from the liquid are remarkably anisotropic, even at electron kinetic energies lower than 100 eV, when elastic scattering cross sections for the outgoing electrons with other water molecules are...

Liquid secondary-ion mass spectrometry (liquid SIMS) is an obsolescent ionization technique that revolutionized the analyses of large biological molecules in the 1980s. The term includes fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). The technique has been largely superseded by electrospray ionization. This account will cover the history of the technique, the principles of the operation, and...

Soft ionization methods for the introduction of labile biomolecules into a mass spectrometer are of fundamental importance to biomolecular analysis. Previously, electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix assisted laser desorption-ionization (MALDI) have been the main ionization methods used. Surface acoustic wave nebulization (SAWN) is a new technique that has been demonstrated to deposit less en...

the lack of authentic standards has limited the quantitative analysis of herbal drugs in biological samples. the present work demonstrated a practicable strategy for the assay of herbs and their metabolites independent of authentic standards. a liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry (lc–esi–ms) method for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the metabolites...

A measurement of ionization yields in noble-gas liquids is relevant to the energy calibration of nuclear recoil detectors for darkmatter search and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments. In this work we further study the ionization yield of nuclear recoils in liquid Ar, using a two-phase detector with an electroluminescence gap and DD neutron generator. The ionization yields of nucle...

Ionization and, in particular, ionization through the interaction with light play an important role in fundamental processes in physics, chemistry, and biology. In recent years, we have seen tremendous advances in our ability to measure the dynamics of photo-induced ionization in various systems in the gas, liquid, or solid phase. In this review, we will define the parameters used for quantifyi...

Transient absorption measurements monitor the geminate recombination kinetics of solvated electrons following two-photon ionization of liquid water at several excitation energies in the range from 8.3 to 12.4 eV. Modeling the kinetics of the electron reveals its average ejection length from the hydronium ion and hydroxyl radical counterparts and thus provides insight into the ionization mechani...