When a data set is partitioned, the resulting subsets may contain phylogenetically conflicting signals if they have different evolutionary histories. In a data set with many taxa, a single taxon that contains multiple phylogenetic histories may result in global incongruence, but no methods are available in a parsimony framework to localize incongruence to specific clades in a phylogeny or to te...

The question of what effects nuclear weapons have on an actor’s success in coercive diplomacy is in part a function of how nuclear weapons change the perceived costs of conflict. We argue that states will be able to prevail in improving their allotment of a good or in convincing an opponent to back down, and have shorter crises, if their opponents have greater expected costs of crisis. Noting, ...

this paper tries to survey irans regional labor market disequilibrium within 1996-2000. according to the results there has been an increase in the amount of disequilibrium of irans national as well as regional labor markets. incomplete labor market information on vacant job opportunities in different regions of the country along with high costs of migration have been the major causes of unemplo...

Since the obliteration of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, nuclear weapons have captured the attention of social scientists and the public alike. Some argue that the world benefits from nuclear weapons, claiming that they prevent war. Skeptics do not share this view and worry that nuclear weapons will only intensify conflict. Unfortunately, most theories about the benefits of nuclear weapons await judge...

this paper tries to study the emergence and changes of mechanized industry in iran within qajar dynasty (mid-19th century) and the islamic revolution triumph (1978). it focuses on the governments role in delayed industrialization, and accordingly surveys the governments role in building institutions and commercial policy-making for industrialization. since governments nature and its role in eco...

The rapid diversification of Myotis bats into more than 100 species is one of the most extensive mammalian radiations available for study. Efforts to understand relationships within Myotis have primarily utilized mitochondrial markers and trees inferred from nuclear markers lacked resolution. Our current understanding of relationships within Myotis is therefore biased towards a set of phylogene...

Turkey is the only Eurasian state nearly surrounded by a circle of acute hot and “frozen conflicts”, ranging from low-intensity violence through terrorism to full-fledged wars. The prevailing pattern of inter-communal and interethnic conflicts in the Balkans and on Cyprus has long been different from the patterns of conflict in the rest of Europe and in the Near East. This difference is closely...