rotavirus, a triple-layered non-enveloped member of the reoviridae family, obtained a transient membrane envelope when newly synthesized subviral particles bud into the endoplasmic reticulum (er). as rotavirus particles mature, they lose their transient membrane and obtain outer layer. it is mostly believed that only double layered particles bud into the er. the present study describes that the...

Despite its clinical significance, joint morphogenesis is still an obscure process. In this study, we determine the role of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling in mice lacking the TGF-beta type II receptor gene (Tgfbr2) in their limbs (Tgfbr2(PRX-1KO)). In Tgfbr2(PRX-1KO) mice, the loss of TGF-beta responsiveness resulted in the absence of interphalangeal joints. The Tgfbr2(Prx...

Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are known to be involved in the morphogenesis of diarthrodial joints. The use of specific antibodies to collagens I and II and keratan-sulphate-containing proteoglycans (KSPG) has enabled the distributions of these macromolecules to be followed during the development of the third metatarsophalangeal joint in the chicken embryo. Our study shows that cartilage...

Despite advances in therapies that target inflammation and tissue destruction in chronic arthritis, stimulation of tissue repair and restoration of joint function, the ultimate goal of treatment, is far from achieved. We introduce a new paradigm that may help to improve our understanding and management of chronic arthritis. The presence or absence of tissue responses distinguishes destructive a...

The proprioceptive system is essential for the control of coordinated movement and posture. Thus, traditionally, study proprioception has focused on its role in motor control. In this review, we present more recent findings other, non-traditional functions system. We focus involvement musculoskeletal development, function pathology, including regulation spinal alignment, bone fracture repair jo...

INTRODUCTION: Developmental dysplasia/dislocation of the hip (DDH) is the most common post-natal skeletal abnormality, and occurs when the joint between the femoral head and the acetabulum is unstable or malformed, or when the femoral head is partially or completely dislocated from the acetabular cup [1]. It is widely acknowledged that conditions which cause or result in reduced movement in ute...

Morphogenesis genes are tightly regulated during fetal life, where they are responsible for limb bud initiation, patterning processes of the limb, cartilage development, and joint formation. These genes are highly conserved across species and include Wnt (wingless), BMP (bone morphogenetic protein), noggin, chordin, FGF (fibroblast growth factor), and hedgehog gene families. Recent studies repo...