Swelling of the optic disc may result from inflammation, infiltration, nerve compression or ischaemia, as well increased intracranial pressure. It can be imitated by local structural features leading to pseudopapilloedema. Disease entities swelling take different courses in paediatric population compared adult population. Investigations used confirm diagnosis include optical coherence tomograph...

Glaucomas are a heterogeneous group of optic neuropathies characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual field defects. The distinctive pattern of optic nerve degeneration results in glaucomatous cupping. The atrophy of optic nerve cells initially leads to loss of peripheral vision and visual field loss increases with increased dam‐ age to optic nerve. Worl...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of visual impairment in working age in industrialized countries. It is classified as non-proliferative (mild, moderate or severe) and proliferative, with diabetic macular oedema potentially developing at any of these stages. The prevalence and incidence of DR increase with diabetes duration and worsening of metabolic and blood pressure control. Curre...

Glaucoma is the second highest cause of blindness worldwide with an estimated half of the glaucoma population unaware of their disease. To date, intraocular pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor and lowering it has been proven to reduce progression of visual field loss associated with glaucoma. Different strategies are available to lower intraocular pressure and include medical,...

Large C and C++ softwa¡e projects typically share common types, macros, and variables among modules via include files organized into hierarchies. Many of these hierarchies grow so complex that it is haed for programmers to figure out when a file must be included. Since including unused symbols is usually harmless, application code tends to include more files than required. Knowing when ñles are...

We present a stochastic Petri net model of a replicated file system in a distributed environment where replicated files reside on different hosts and a voting algorithm is used to maintain consistency. Witnesses, which simply record the status of the file but contain no data, may be used in addition to or in place of files to reduce overhead. We present a model sufficiently detailed to include ...

A modularization is a partitioning of a software system into components based on a variety of criteria, each depending on the clustering approach and desired level of abstraction. Source-header dependency graphs are bipartite graphs that are formed by flattening include file dependencies and enumerating source file to header file dependencies. In this paper, we describe an approach for identify...

PURPOSE To determine the efficacy and safety of subconjunctival 5- fluorouracil injections after trabeculectomy in patients with poor prognoses, to determine risk factors for surgical failure and to examine the relationship of intraocular pressure and visual function. METHODS In this multicenter clinical trial, 213 patients with previous cataract surgery or previous failed filtering surgery w...