atmospheric visibility is a key factor in everyday life mainly in aviation, industry and surface traffic. it has been defined as the greatest distance at which an observer can just see a black object viewed against the horizon sky which is known as the visual range. furthermore, light extinction which is mostly due to absorption and scattering effects of aerosols in the atmosphere, can be calcu...

Conditioning procedures are used in many placebo studies because evidence suggests that conditioning-related placebo responses are usually more robust than those induced by verbal suggestions alone. However, it has not been shown whether there is a causal relation between the number of conditioning trials and the resistance to extinction of placebo and nocebo responses. Here we test the effects...

A number of previous studies have indicated that an environmental manipulation, 48 h of light deprivation (LD), produces virtually complete and permanent behavioral recovery of function from neglect induced by medial agranular cortex (AGm) lesions. LD-induced behavioral recovery from neglect is correlated with physiological changes in the dorsolateral striatum, an area that contains the project...

Ecological theory suggests that several demographic factors influence metapopulation extinction risk, including synchrony in population size between subpopulations, metapopulation size and the magnitude of fluctuations in population size. Theoretically, each of these is influenced by the rate of migration between subpopulations. Here we report on an experiment where we manipulated migration rat...

We report experimental and theoretical verification of the nature and position of multiple interference points of visible light transmitted through the valve of the centric diatom species Coscinodiscus granii. Furthermore, by coupling the transmitted light into an optical fiber and moving the diatom valve between constructive and destructive interference points, an extinction ratio of 20 dB is ...

The purpose of this study was to analyze fear extinction and reinstatement in humans using fear-potentiated startle. Participants were fear conditioned using a simple discrimination procedure with colored lights as the conditioned stimuli (CSs) and an airblast to the throat as the unconditioned stimulus (US). Participants were extinguished 24 h after fear conditioning. Upon presentation of unsi...

We measure the extinction law in a galaxy’s spiral arm and interarm regions using a visual and infrared (BVRJHK) imaging study of the interacting galaxies NGC 2207 and IC 2163. This is an overlapping spiral galaxy pair in which NGC 2207 partially occults IC 2163. This geometry enables us to directly measure the extinction of light from the background galaxy as it passes through the disk of the ...