in most contemporary legal systems, beside of the ostensible commercial company, there are somekind of occult commercial company, like 'joint ventures, in english law and societe en participation, in franch law, that is necessary for both internal and international commercial practice. in our legal system there is not a legal commercial institution for the same purpose. in modern time with...

We would like to thank Mona Makhija and Mike Peng for their comments on the earlier version of this paper. Previous research analyzing the impact of cultural distance on joint venture negotiations has often confounded firm and environment effects. To decouple these effects, the cross-border cooperation preferences of small and medium-size Korean firms were studied, considering simultaneously fi...

Received: September 2001 Revised: June 2002 Accepted: August 2002 Online publication date: 20 March 2003 Abstract The evolution of foreign entry in the form of joint ventures and wholly owned manufacturing operations is examined as a staged process shaped by experience and imitation dynamics at the firm, group, and industry levels of analysis. The expansion of South Korean firms into China betw...

This paper looks at the strategy evolution and learning orientations of international joint ventures through an in-depth study of a Chinese-Japanese joint venture. We examine the joint venture’s strategy evolution, culture embedment and technology evolution and link these with its learning orientations. We highlight the tension between exploratory learning and exploitative learning in the joint...

Prior research has found that many international joint ventures (IJVs) fail. Some authors have suggested that control problems are one of the primary causes of IJV failures. However, little IJV-related research has focused on control issues. This paper reports the results of a largely exploratory study of the control practices employed by partners involved in three arguably successful IJVs. The...

Knowledge management is the conscious and active management of creating, disseminating, evolving and applying knowledge to strategic ends. In this paper, we examine knowledge management in the context of international joint ventures (IJVs), activities that cut across organizational and national boundaries, to show how to manage the behavioral and contextual considerations to create value for th...

When organizations adopt new practices, the practices are often modified to fit the new context. We argue that managers who implement new practices modify them, and that the extent of practice variation is determined by two types of these managers’ career experience: experience with the practice itself and experience that enables assessment of the fit between the practice and the adopting firm....

This paper analyzes the determinants of partial ownership of the foreign affiliates of U.S. multinational firms and, in particular, the marked decline in the use of joint ventures over the last 20 years. The evidence indicates that whole ownership is most common when firms coordinate integrated production activities across different locations, transfer technology, and benefit from worldwide tax...