Using gene targeting, we have created mice with a disruption in the homeobox-containing gene hoxd-11. Homozygous mutants are viable and the only outwardly apparent abnormality is male infertility. Skeletons of mutant mice show a homeotic transformation that repatterns the sacrum such that each vertebra adopts the structure of the next most anterior vertebra. Defects are also seen in the bones o...

According to World Health Organization, road traffic accident claims 1.2 million deaths annually and causes up 50 non-fatal injuries. Alimb injury is any a limb, either leg or arm, the toes fingers. Limb injuries include broken bones (cracked fractured bones, eg. arm), dislocations (when bone has been moved dislodged, dislocated shoulder), sprains (injuries ligaments, sprained ankle), strains m...

Evolution of mammalian skeletal structure can be rapid and the changes profound, as illustrated by the morphological diversity of the domestic dog. Here we use principal component analysis of skeletal variation in a population of Portuguese Water Dogs to reveal systems of traits defining skeletal structures. This analysis classifies phenotypic variation into independent components that can be u...

Surgical treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis the tibia bones is accompanied by a significant percentage complications and refractions. One main reasons for unsatisfactory results violation quality bone tissue in area pseudoarthrosis, which an obstacle to normal process fusion shin bones. Рurpose - use computed tomography examine density patients with pseudoarthrosis before after surgery. Mat...

Upper limb fractures are prevalent injuries. An essential element of fracture healing is to maintain the bones alignment. However there are lots of complications associated with traditional ways of treatment, such as compartment syndrome and stiffness due to immobility for long time. Also evaluation and observation of the limb under the casts for potential infections and skin issues are n...

Mammals are remarkably diverse in limb lengths and proportions, but the number and kind of developmental mechanisms that contribute to length differences between limb bones remain largely unknown. Intra- and interspecific differences in bone length could result from variations in the cellular processes of endochondral bone growth, creating differences in rates of chondrocyte proliferation or hy...

In vivo measurements of strain in the femur and tibia of Iguana iguana (Linnaeus) and Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin) have indicated three ways in which limb bone loading in these species differs from patterns observed in most birds and mammals: (i) the limb bones of I. iguana and A. mississippiensis experience substantial torsion, (ii) the limb bones of I. iguana and A. mississippiensis ha...