The light dependent energization of the thylakoid membrane was analyzed in isolated intact spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts incubated with different concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi). Two independent methods were used: (a) the accumulation of [(14)C]5,5-dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione and [(14)C] methylamine; (b) the energy dependent chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. The inh...

The transformer is one of the main pieces equipment in electrical system, being vital importance for delivery energy to consumer centers. Therefore, care must be taken, and these equipment’s carefully protected. One way protect it against internal faults apply differential protection function. response this function analyzed short circuit conditions, which designed, conditions that can cause ac...

The most important parameter in transformers life expectancy is the hot-spot temperature level which accelerates the rate of aging of the insulation. The aim of this paper is to present thermal models for transformers loaded at prefabricated MV/LV transformer substations and outdoor situations. The hot-spot temperature of transformers is studied using their top-oil temperature rise models. The ...

Mental contrasting a desired future with present reality is a self-regulation strategy that fosters energization in line with a person's expectations of successfully attaining the desired future. We investigated whether physiological energization (measured by systolic blood pressure) elicited by mental contrasting a desired future of solving a given task transfers to effort in an unrelated task...

We present a practical method for achieving a transformer ratio (R) greater than 2 with any collinear wakefield accelerator i.e. with either plasma or structure based wakefield accelerators. It is known that the transformer ratio cannot generally be greater than 2 for a symmetric drive bunch in a collinear wakefield accelerator. However, using a ramped bunch train (RBT) where a train of n elect...

power system overvoltages due to switching, lightning and other disturbances are the main problem for designers of the power transformers. once some frequencies of the incoming surges match with some of the natural frequencies of transformer winding, the resonance phenomenon is expected in transformer winding. the resonant overvoltages may destroy the insulation between turns and cause to insul...

An emerging paradigm for the dissipation of magnetic turbulence in the supersonic solar wind is via localized quasi2D small-scale magnetic island reconnection processes. An advection-diffusion transport equation for a nearly isotropic particle distribution describes particle transport and energization in a region of interacting magnetic islands [1; 2]. The dominant charged particle energization...

1. Introduction Life-cycle cost reduction of transmission and distribution systems is becoming increasingly important to adapt to global changes resulting from factors such as electricity market liberalization, electricity industry deregulation , environmental protection issues, as well as various emerging technologies developed using information technology advances. Technical requirements for ...

In the design of future linear colliders it will be important to reduce the cost of the RF system by minimizing the total number of major system components (klystrons, modulators and pulse compression systems). In this paper we develop a procedure for performing this minimization by varying appropriate accelerating structure and beam parameters while maintaining a constant luminosity, AC “wall-...