Choline and betaine are nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism. Choline is essential for neurodevelopment and brain function. We studied the associations between cognitive function and plasma concentrations of free choline and betaine. In a cross-sectional study, 2195 subjects (55 % women), aged 70-74 years, underwent extensive cognitive testing including the Kendrick Object Learning Test ...

We define predictive information Ipred(T ) as the mutual information between the past and the future of a time series. Three qualitatively different behaviors are found in the limit of large observation times T : Ipred(T ) can remain finite, grow logarithmically, or grow as a fractional power law. If the time series allows us to learn a model with a finite number of parameters, then Ipred(T ) g...

We present an analysis of 23 L dwarfs whose optical spectra display unusual features. Twenty-one were uncovered during our search for nearby, late-type objects using the Two Micron All-Sky Survey while two were identified in the literature. The unusual spectral features, notably weak FeH molecular absorption and weak Na I and K I doublets, are attributable to low-gravity and indicate that these...

Description of prediction guide: The GBS had 4 variables: blood urea levels (6.5 to 7.9 mmol/L = 2, 8.0 to 9.9 mmol/L = 3, 10 to 25 mmol/L = 4, > 25 mmol/L = 6), hemoglobin levels (120 to 129 g/L = 1, 100 to 119 g/L = 3, < 100 g/L = 6 [men]; 100 to 119 g/L = 1, < 100 g/L = 6 [women]), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (100 to 109 mm Hg = 1, 90 to 99 mm Hg = 2, < 90 mm Hg = 3), and other markers (pu...

Listeria monocytogenes is a food-borne pathogen capable of growth at refrigeration temperatures. Membrane lipid fatty acids are major determinants of a sufficiently fluid membrane state to allow growth at low temperatures. L. monocytogenes was characterized by a fatty acid profile dominated to an unusual extent (> 95%) by branched-chain fatty acids, with the major fatty acids being anteiso-C15:...

We present a constructive approach to obtain information about the compactness and shape of large-scale lowest excitations in disordered systems by studying order parameter fluctuations (OPF) at low temperatures. We show that the parameter G that measures OPF is 1/3 at T = 0 provided the ground state is unique and the probability distribution for the lowest excitations is gapless and with finit...