In this research, two types of sulfated polysaccharide derivatives were successfully synthesized. Their antioxidant activities were investigated by employing various established in vitro systems. In addition, the degree of sulfation was evaluated using ion-chromatography and IR spectra. The results verify that, when employing scavenging superoxide radical tests, both the sulfation of acid Auric...

Forgetting may allow an animal to react more appropriately to current conditions, rather than continuing to exhibit a previously learned, possibly maladaptive behaviour based on previous experience. One theory is that forgetting is an active process, whereby the previously learnt response is replaced by new learning that interferes with the older memory. Hence, we hypothesized that an appropria...

Molluscs are the second most species-rich phylum in the animal kingdom, yet only 11 genomes of this group have been published so far. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of the pulmonate freshwater snail Radix auricularia. Six whole genome shotgun librarieswithdifferent layoutswere sequenced.The resultingassembly comprises4,823scaffoldswithacumulative lengthof910 Mb and an overall read c...

Evolutionary Aspects of Neuropeptides and their Genes Structure and evolution of insulin and insulin-like growth factors in chordates p. 15 Relationships among the FMRFamide-like peptides p. 25 Molecular evolution of neurohypophysial hormone precursors p. 39 A vasopressin-related peptide in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis: Peptide structure, prohormone organization, evolutionary and functional as...

following the occurrence of two large outbreaks in gilan province, northern iran, the public health importance of human fascioliasis has increased significantly. the mixed infections of fasciola gigantica and f. hepatica within a given domestic animal individual suggest a very complicate picture of possible circulation ways of the parasite and the possibility for humans to be infected with both...

Insecticide toxicity may strongly vary with temperature, and interspecific differences have been commonly reported for this relationship. A differential influence of temperature on insecticide between pests their natural enemies important consequences biological control in a global warming context. This study aimed to investigate cross effects three insecticides—i.e., chlorantraniliprole, emame...

Lymnaea cousini Jousseaume, 1887 was collected in Mucubaji, Merida State, Venezuela, from a permanent pond located at a very high altitude (3760 m). Identification of the collected specimens was made by comparison with the original description of the shell by Jousseaume and the description of the renal organ and reproductive system of topotypic specimens by Paraense.