Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are characterized by the production of autoreactive lymphocytes, immune responses to self-antigens, and inflammation in related tissues organs. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is majorly expressed activated T cells works as a critical regulator inflammatory response. In this review, we first describe structure, expression, how signaling pathways CTLA-4 partic...

many studies have shown that cytotoxic t lymphocyte antigen-4 (ctla-4) gene variants are associated with several autoimmune diseases particularly type 1 diabetes. due to the lack of consistent data for this association with type 2 diabetes (t2d), this study explored the possible influence of ctla-4 gene polymorphisms at -1722 (t/c), -318 (c/t), and +49 (g/a) positions for susceptibility to t2d ...

Immunologic checkpoint blockade with antibodies that target cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and the programmed cell death protein 1 pathway (PD-1/PD-L1) have demonstrated promise in a variety of malignancies. Ipilimumab (CTLA-4) and pembrolizumab (PD-1) are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced melanoma, and additional regulatory appr...

The successful translation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blockade has revolutionized the concept of cancer immunotherapy. Although monoclonal antibody therapeutics remain the mainstream in clinical practice, aptamers are synthetic oligonucleotides that encompass antibody-mimicking functions. Here, we report a novel high-affinity CTLA-4-antagonizing DNA aptamer (dissociation const...

Whereas approximately half of metastatic melanoma patients benefit from combined immune checkpoint inhibition targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), for those who do not respond, further strategies treatment options need to be developed. Thus, focus is turning the use chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, a novel therapy that has ye...

Evidence indicates that cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) may negatively regulate T cell activation, but the basis for the inhibitory effect remains unknown. We report here that cross-linking of CTLA-4 induces transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) production by murine CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th0 clones all secrete TGF-beta after antibody cr...

Hypophysitis that develops in cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibodies blocking cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4; an inhibitory molecule classically expressed on T cells) is now reported at an incidence of approximately 10%. Its pathogenesis is unknown, in part because no pathologic examination of the pituitary gland has been reported to date. We analyzed at autopsy...

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of T cell activation. Recent evidence suggests that CTLA-4 association with the immunological synapse during contact with antigen-presenting cells is important for its inhibitory function. In the present study, we observed a direct interaction of CTLA-4 with the phosphorylated form of T cell receptor (TCR)ze...

BACKGROUND The cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 gene (CTLA-4) encode the T cell receptor involved in the control of T cell proliferation and mediates T cell apoptosis. The receptor protein is a specific T lymphocyte surface antigen that is detected on cells only after antigen presentation. Thus, CTLA-4 is directly involved in both immune and autoimmune responses and may be involved i...