Direct oxidation of embryonic reduced glutathione (GSH) by a thiol oxidant, diamide, has been demonstrated to result in increased glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and protein-glutathione mixed disulfide (protein-S-SG) formation, which is accompanied by embryotoxicity and reductions in amniotic fluid volume. The altered functions of critical proteins or enzymes caused by the formation of protein-S-S...

The rigidity of red blood cells (RBCs) plays an important role in whole blood viscosity and is correlated with several cardiovascular diseases. Two chemical agents that are commonly used to study cell deformation are diamide and glutaraldehyde. Despite diamide's common usage, there are discrepancies in the literature surrounding diamide's effect on the deformation of RBCs in shear and pressure-...

The catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) is susceptible to inactivation by a number of thiol-modifying reagents. Inactivation occurs through modification of cysteine 199, which is located near the active site. Because cysteine 199 is reactive at physiological pH, and modification of this site inhibits activity, we hypothesized that cAPK is a likely target for regulation by ...

An efficient chemoselective process for the synthesis of 14- and 15-membered triazole-containing macrocycle compounds has been developed through the combination of two multicomponent reactions and an intramolecular Sonogashira cross-coupling reaction.

Two macrocyclic compounds with a rhomboid molecular shape, composed of a π-conjugated framework and an imine or amine functionality, were synthesized. The amine-containing macrocycle crystallizes with step-like interaction of each molecule, forming a columnar arrangement, although dispersion of the imine gelates upon ultrasonification.

Positive regulation of gene expression by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcription factor Yap1p is required for normal tolerance of oxidative stress elicited by the redox-active agents diamide and H(2)O(2). Several groups have provided evidence that a cluster of cysteine residues in the extreme C terminus of the factor are required for normal modulation of Yap1p by oxidant challenge. De...

The purpose of this study was to determine if exercise (Ex) protects hearts from arrhythmias induced by glutathione oxidation or ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two experimental groups: sedentary controls (Sed) or short-term Ex (10 days of treadmill running). Twenty-four hours after the last session, hearts were excised and exposed to either perfusion wi...

Corynebacterium glutamicum cgR_1435 (cg1552) encodes a protein of the DUF24 protein family, which is a novel family of transcriptional regulators. CgR1435 (QorR) is a negative regulator of cgR_1436 (qor2), which is located upstream of cgR_1435 (qorR) in the opposite orientation, and its structural gene. QorR binds to the intergenic region between qor2 and qorR to repress their expression, which...

UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Culex is an important mosquito as vectors for the transmission of serious diseases, such as filariasis, West Nile virus, dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya and other encephalitides. Nearly one billion people in the developing countries are at risk. In order to discover new bioactive molecules and pesticides acting on mosquito, we designed active amide structure and synth...

A screening-level aquatic environmental risk assessment for macrocyclic fragrance materials using a "group approach" is presented using data for 30 macrocyclic fragrance ingredients. In this group approach, conservative estimates of environmental exposure and ecotoxicological effects thresholds for compounds within two subgroups (15 macrocyclic ketones and 15 macrocyclic lactones/lactides) were...