Macrolides are a group of antibiotics whose activity is ascribable to the presence of the macrolide ring, a large macrocyclic lactone ring, to which one or more deoxy sugars, usually cladinose and desosamine, may be attached. The most commonly used macrolides have 14 (e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin) or 15 (e.g. azithromycin) atoms attached to their macrocyclic ring and therefo...

Drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS) is characterized by prolongation of the QT interval and the risk of syncope and sudden cardiac death due to torsades de pointes (TdP) ventricular tachycardia upon exposure to certain antiarrhythmic and non-cardiovascular drug therapy. Most of the drugs responsible for LQTS can also block the rapid delayed rectifier K current, IKr in ventricular cardiomyocyte...

The article provides an overview of current publications on the chemical structure, mechanism action and safety macrolide antibiotics. We conducted a search in PubMed Google Scholar databases for scientific articles published from 2010 to 2021. following key words were used: macrolides, antibiotics, erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, action, adverse drug reactions, toxicity. Macrolides...

Chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, and C. pneumoniae infection is treatable with macrolides. In this comparative cohort study, 634 users of macrolides and 3827 users of penicillins were identified from the Danish Health Service Registry of Prescriptions and followed up for an average of 6 months. The patients were then linked to the Regional Hospital Discharg...

Background The mechanisms underlying the non-antimicrobial immunomodulatory properties of macrolides are not well understood. Objectives To systematically review the evidence for the immunomodulatory properties of macrolides in humans and to describe the underlying mechanism and extent of their influence on the innate and adaptive immune system. Methods A systematic literature search was do...

To clarify the discrepancy between increasing resistance and conservative clinical effects of macrolides on macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, the authors evaluated the effects of sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations of macrolides on pneumolysin. In vitro, S. pneumoniae was incubated with 1, 2 and 4 microg.mL(-1) of clarithromycin (CLR) and azithromycin (AZM) for 8 h. Western blot a...

In addition to their well-known antimicrobial activity, macrolides possess immunomodulatory properties that may confer beneficial effects to patients with respiratory diseases associated with chronic inflammation. These properties include attenuation of inflammatory responses in the lung, mucoregulatory properties, and effects on bronchial responsiveness. Macrolides increase mucociliary clearan...

The mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics remains uncertain. In this study, we first show the evidences concerning the possible link between leukocytic cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and the mechanism of anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective actions of macrolides. The clinical range of macrolides (i.e., erythromycin, roxithromycin, and clarithromyc...

BACKGROUND Macrolides are a group of commonly prescribed antibiotics. There is some doubt surrounding the use of the newer macrolides in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to compare outcomes of pregnancies exposed to the new macrolides clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin with non-teratogenic preparations. METHODS In this prospective, multinational, multicentre, control...