The Mann-Kendall test is a commonly-used nonparametric test for time trend. However, the standard P-values obtained from it are based on an assumption of independence between observations (since the theory is that of the Kendall correlation). However, observations in time series are often autocorrelated: knowing that one observation is larger than the mean may tell you that the next observation...

The widely-used hydrological procedures for calculating events with T-year return periods from data that follow a Gumbel distribution assume that the data sequence from which the Gumbel distribution is fitted remains stationary in time. If non-stationarity is suspected, whether as a consequence of changes in land-use practices or climate, it is common practice to test the significance of trend ...

the interaction between sea and atmosphere has profound effects on the regions climate. meanwhile, the sea surface temperature is considered as one of the most effective components of water bodies, and the controller of many atmospheric behaviors. because of the importance of sea surface temperatures effects on atmospheric elements and also given the role of global warming on land and sea surfa...