Since the time of its inception within facial anatomy, wide variability in the terminology as well as the location and extent of retaining ligaments has resulted in confusion over nomenclature. Confusion over nomenclature also arises with regard to the subcutaneous ligamentous attachments, and in the anatomic location and extent described, particularly for zygomatic and masseteric ligaments. Ce...

The present study was carried out to examine if the jaw-tongue reflex (JTR) could be elicited in man and if afferent fibers from the jaw-closing muscles were involved in this reflex. Electromyographic (EMG) activities were simultaneously recorded from the genioglossus (GG), the tongue retruding (TR) muscles, and the anterior temporal (TA), the posterior temporal (TP), the masseteric (Mass) and ...

Less than 1% of vasoformative tumours throughout the body occur in skeletal muscle and 15% of them arise in head and neck musculature. The masseter muscle is the most frequent site and accounts for approximately 5% of all intramuscular vascular malformations in the head and neck region. Masseteric venous malformations have a typical clinical presentation and imaging characteristics that should ...

Permanent facial paralysis is a catastrophic event for involved patients. In long lasting paralysis with severe facial muscles atrophy, masseter muscle transfer is a very good choice. But its greatest problem is postoperative elongation of flap and gradual diminishing of early results and loss of symmetry. This article advocate a new modification for resolving this problem with concomitant elev...

Benign Masseteric Hypertrophy is a relatively uncommon condition that can occur unilaterally or bilaterally. Pain may be a symptom, but most frequently a clinician is consulted for cosmetic reasons. In some cases prominent Exostoses at the angle of the mandible are noted. Although it is tempting to point to Malocclusion, Bruxism, clenching, or Temporomandibular joint disorders, the etiology in ...

Muscle fatigue due to clenching, grinding is suggested to be in relation to the pain in TMJ dysfunction patients. A number of investigators report that in normal persons experimental muscle fatigue provoked the similar symptoms seen in TMJ dysfunction patients. These reports suggest that muscle fatigue plays a great role in the onset of TMJ dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to investig...

Hemimasticatory spasm (HMS) is a rare disorder of the trigeminal nerve characterized by paroxysmal involuntary contractions of the unilateral jaw-closing muscles. HMS has been frequently described in association with facial hemiatrophy or localized scleroderma. A 42-year-old female presented with involuntary paroxysmal spasms of the left face, of 6 months duration. Her lower face on the left wa...

T o improve midfacial soft-tissue sagging, it is sometimes necessary to release the zygomatic and upper masseteric retaining ligaments in the sub-superficial musculoaponeu-rotic system (SMAS) plane. Release of these ligaments needs to be done carefully to avoid any injuries to the branches of the facial nerve. Some of the zygomatic branches run toward the zygomaticus major muscle and are locate...