The complexity of mammalian physiology requires a diverse array of ion channel proteins. This diversity extends even to a single family of channels. For example, the family of Ca2+-activated K channels contains three structural subfamilies characterized by small, intermediate, and large single channel conductances. Many cells and tissues, including neurons, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial c...

Specifically for p =∞ ( 1 m ∑m i=1 |f(xi)− vi| )1/p is replaced by maxi∈[m] |f(xi)− vi|. Also define Np(F , α, S) := min{|V | : V is an α-cover of (in `p) ofF on sample S} and Np(F , α, n) := sup x1,...,xm Np(F , α, {x1, . . . , xm}) Definition 2. A function F is said to α-shatter a sample S = {x1, . . . , xm} if there exists a sequence of thresholds, θ1, . . . , θm ∈ R such that ∀ξ ∈ {±1}, ∃f ...

Using the patch-clamp technique, we have identified large-conductance (maxi) K+ channels in the apical membrane of Necturus gallbladder epithelium, and in dissociated gallbladder epithelial cells. These channels are more than tenfold selective for K+ over Na+, and exhibit unitary conductance of approximately 200 pS in symmetric 100 mM KCl. They are activated by elevation of internal Ca2+ levels...

The eye's aqueous humor is secreted by a bilayered ciliary epithelium comprising pigmented (PE) and nonpigmented (NPE) epithelial cell layers. Stromal Cl(-) enters the PE cells and crosses gap junctions to the NPE cells for release into the aqueous humor. Maxi-Cl(-) channels are expressed in PE cells, but their physiological significance is unclear. To address this question, excised patches and...

Intracellular K+ plays an important role in controlling the cytoplasmic ion homeostasis for maintaining cell volume and inhibiting apoptotic enzymes in the cytosol and nucleus. Cytoplasmic K+ concentration is mainly regulated by K+ uptake via Na+-K+-ATPase and K+ efflux through K+ channels in the plasma membrane. Carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), a protonophore that dis...

Romero, Fernando, Bagnólia A. Silva, Viviane L. A. Nouailhetas, and Jeannine Aboulafia. Activation of Ca21activated K1 (maxi-K1) channel by angiotensin II in myocytes of the guinea pig ileum. Am. J. Physiol. 274 (Cell Physiol. 43): C983–C991, 1998.—We investigated the regulation of the Ca21-activated K1 (maxi-K1) channel by angiotensin II (ANG II) and its synthetic analog, [Lys2]ANG II, in fres...

High-conductance calcium-activated potassium (Maxi-K) channels are present in smooth muscle where they regulate tone. Activation of Maxi-K channels causes smooth muscle hyperpolarization and shortening of action-potential duration, which would limit calcium entry through voltage-dependent calcium channels leading to relaxation. Although Maxi-K channels appear to indirectly mediate the relaxant ...

Majority voting over the nonlinear tax schedules proposed by a continuum of citizen candidates is considered. The analysis extends the finite‐individual model of Röell (unpublished manuscript, 2012). Each candidate proposes the tax schedule that is utility maximal for him subject to budget and incentive constraints. Each of these schedules is a combination of the maxi‐min...

Majority voting over the nonlinear income tax schedules proposed by a continuum of individuals with different labor productivities who have quasilinear-inconsumption preferences is considered. Each individual proposes the tax schedule that is selfishly optimal for him. Röell (unpublished manuscript, 2012) has identified the qualitative properties of these schedules. She has also shown that the ...

The opportunity to increase cassava productivity can be done through cultivation technology improvement. research aimed obtain information on the suitability of agroecology, agro-economy, and strategy planning for developing as local food. Research was carried out in 2021 form survey field experiment Sukabumi Regency, West Java. Data analysis that used is Random Block Design SWOT data. results ...