This paper proposes to use virtual backbone structure to handle control messages in ad hoc networks. This structure is effective in reducing the overhead of disseminating control information. In the first part, the approach to build the virtual backbone on the setup phase is presented. The construction of backbone is based on the Minimum Connected Dominating Set (MCDS). The novelty is in the wa...

PROBLEM DEFINITION Consider a graph G = (V,E). A subset C of V is called a dominating set if every vertex is either in C or adjacent to a vertex in C. If, furthermore, the subgraph induced by C is connected, then C is called a connected dominating set. A connected dominating set with a minimum cardinality is called a minimum connected dominating set (MCDS). Computing a MCDS is an NP-hard proble...

We calculated [(11)C]flumazenil volume of distribution ([(11)C]FMZ-V(d)) after correction for partial volume effect in 10 patients with malformations of cortical development (MCDs) and partial seizures, to quantify the GABA(A)-central benzodiazepine receptor complex. Abnormal grey matter and adjacent or overlying cortex were outlined individually and added to an individualized anatomical templa...

Research Summary Our study introduces board committees as a crucial determinant of actions. We examine how directors who structurally link different committees—referred to multi-committee (MCDs)—explain why some actions are merely symbolic while others more substantive. As baseline, we argue that boards in general respond financial restatements at peer firms by symbolically appointing new relat...

Malaria among troops in the South-West Pacific Area (SWPA) in World War 2 affected the military effort to the degree that special units were formed to combat it. These malaria survey detachments (MSDs) and malaria control detachments (MCDs) were self-contained and so could move quickly to wherever their services were needed. In SWPA by 25 September 1944 there were 32 MSDs and 65 MCDs. Tables of...

Sepsis, caused by uncontrollable infection and inflammatory response, leads to more than 30 million infected patients results in high morbidity worldwide every year. Currently, no efficient approaches have been developed for sepsis therapy due antimicrobial resistance storm. Here, we report macrophages loaded with aggregated carbon dots (ACDs) the lysosome, termed MCDs, treat immunosuppressive ...

This paper presents a new approach to compute the MCDS (Minimum Connected Dominating Set) for Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). The problem of finding a MCDS is NP-hard. This approach is based on linear programming theory. In first step, we formulate the problem to find the minimum dominating set as an integer linear programming problem. Next, we add constraints to the original problem to force th...

A Connected Dominating Set (CDS) is used as a virtual backbone for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Most existing works focus on a Minimum CDS (MCDS), a k-connect mdominating CDS, a minimum routing cost CDS or a bounded-diameter CDS, ignoring the loadbalance factor of CDSs. In this paper, we propose a novel problem – the Load-Balanced CDS (LBCDS) problem, in which constructing an LBCDS and load...