In the text, Sections 6.8.1 to 6.8.5 (Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Optimizing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio, The Lock-In Amplifier and Gated Integrator or Boxcar, Signal Averaging, Waveform Recovery) all provide additional and complementary information to the discussion here. If you are interested in counting experiments (radiation or low-level photon counting) you may also want to look at Section 6.8.6 ...

Suppose that we observe y ∈ Rn and X ∈ Rn×m in the following errors-in-variables model: y = X0β ∗ + X = X0 +W where X0 is an n × m design matrix with independent subgaussian row vectors, ∈ Rn is a noise vector and W is a mean zero n × m random noise matrix with independent subgaussian column vectors, independent of X0 and . This model is significantly different from those analyzed in the litera...

In the text, Sections 6.8.1 to 6.8.5 (Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Optimizing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio, The Lock-In Amplifier and Gated Integrator or Boxcar, Signal Averaging, Waveform Recovery) all provide additional and complementary information to the discussion here. If you are interested in counting experiments (radiation or low-level photon counting) you may also want to look at Section 6.8.6 ...

abstract obtaining reliable precipitation observations is important for hydrological simulations and weather forecasting. radar data can provide insight in the spatial variation of precipitation and can also detect large areas of rain and estimate rainfall rates. weather radar systems nearly always operate in s-, c- or x-band. since x-band systems require smaller antennas than those at c- or s-...

In the text, Sections 6.8.1 to 6.8.5 (Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Optimizing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio, The Lock-In Amplifier and Gated Integrator or Boxcar, Signal Averaging, Waveform Recovery) all provide additional and complementary information to the discussion here. If you are interested in counting experiments (radiation or low-level photon counting) you may also want to look at Section 6.8.6 ...

In the text, Sections 6.8.1 to 6.8.5 (Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Optimizing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio, The Lock-In Amplifier and Gated Integrator or Boxcar, Signal Averaging, Waveform Recovery) all provide additional and complementary information to the discussion here. If you are interested in counting experiments (radiation or low-level photon counting) you may also want to look at Section 6.8.6 ...

An analysis of errors in measurement yields new insight into the penetration of quantum particles into classically forbidden regions. In addition to “physical” values, realistic measurements yield “unphysical” values which, we show, can form a consistent pattern. An experiment to isolate a particle in a classically forbidden region obtains negative values for its kinetic energy. These values re...

In the text, Sections 6.8.1 to 6.8.5 (Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Optimizing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio, The Lock-In Amplifier and Gated Integrator or Boxcar, Signal Averaging, Waveform Recovery) all provide additional and complementary information to the discussion here. If you are interested in counting experiments (radiation or low-level photon counting) you may also want to look at Section 6.8.6 ...

Due to optical processes in the atmosphere the spectral distribution of global, direct solar and diffuse radiation is different and depends on solar elevation, atmosphere transparency etc. Because of various optical properties of phytoelements, the spectral distribution of penetrated and reflected radiation differs from that of incoming radiation. Owing to radiative transfer processes, photosyn...

In the text, Sections 6.8.1 to 6.8.5 (Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Optimizing the Signal-to-Noise Ratio, The Lock-In Amplifier and Gated Integrator or Boxcar, Signal Averaging, Waveform Recovery) all provide additional and complementary information to the discussion here. If you are interested in counting experiments (radiation or low-level photon counting) you may also want to look at Section 6.8.6 ...