Coronal sonograms in infants obtained with 3.5 and 5.0 MHz sector and linear-array transducers now depict the anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, and sublenticular parts of internal capsule; the caudate nucleus; the putamen; the lateral and medial nuclei of globus pallidus; the lateral and medial medullary laminae of the lenticular nucleus; the nucleus accumbens septi; and some of the thalamic...

The role of P2 receptors in controlling hypoglossal motoneuron (XII MN) output was examined (1) electrophysiologically, via application of ATP to the hypoglossal nucleus of rhythmically active mouse medullary slices and anesthetized adult rats; (2) immunohistochemically, using an antiserum against the P2X2 receptor subunit; and (3) using PCR to identify expression of P2X2 receptor subunits in m...

The brainstem premotor neurons of the facial nucleus (VII) and hypoglossal (XII) nucleus can integrate orofacial nociceptive input from the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vc) and coordinate orofacial nociceptive reflex (ONR) responses. However, the synaptoarchitectures of the ONR pathways are still unknown. In the current study, we examined the distribution of GABAergic premotor neurons in t...

Hypoxia-sensitive peripheral carotid chemoreceptors, which regulate sympathetic outflow from the brain stem, are promising antihypertensive treatment targets. However, central nervous pathways integrating human chemoreflexes poorly understood. We combined high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging with physiological profiling to elucidate hypothalamic and medullary responses acute hy...

The upper cervical esophagus is exerted on swallowing and peristalsis by somatic and visceral motoneurons, whereas the lower esophagus is exerted on only peristalsis by visceral motoneurons. We examined the origin of the esophageal motoneurons and whether there were any differences between the distributions of the upper and the lower esophageal motoneurons in the medulla and the spinal cord usi...

OBJECTIVE Morphological study that searched to authenticate the presence of sinoaortic baroreceptor inputs within the dorsolateral medullary nucleus under electron microscopy analysis. METHODS After a 5-day survival period, 9 baroreceptor-denervated rats deeply anaesthetized with equithesin were transcardially perfused and their brains were histologically processed. RESULTS The neuronal cyt...

Expression of the immediate-early gene c-fos, a marker of neuronal activation was employed in adult anesthetized non-decerebrate cats, in order to localize the brainstem neuronal populations functionally related to sniff-like (gasp-like) aspiration reflex (AR). Tissues were immunoprocessed using an antibody raised against amino acids of Fos and the avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method. The l...

30 31 The nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the parabrachial nuclei (PbN) are the first 32 and second relays in the rodent central taste pathway. A series of electrophysiological 33 experiments revealed that spontaneous and taste-evoked activities of brainstem gustatory 34 neurons are altered by the descending input from multiple forebrain nuclei in the central taste 35 pathway. The nucle...