BACKGROUND The tendency towards publication bias is greater for observational studies than for randomized clinical trials. Several statistical methods have been developed to test the publication bias. However, almost all existing methods exhibit rather low power or have inappropriate type I error rates. METHODS We propose a modified regression method, which used a smoothed variance to estimat...

STUDY DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. OBJECTIVES To determine the biomechanical differences between foot-strike patterns used when running. BACKGROUND Strike patterns during running have received attention in the recent literature due to their potential mechanical differences and associated injury risks. METHODS Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, SciELO, and SPORT...

The question of what do to with a body qualitative study reports on particular topic has attracted many nurses the promise meta-synthesis. Conceptualizing it as potentially analogous quantitative meta-analysis, they feel allure generating conclusive evidence that includes kinds subject and experiential phenomena explicitly written out both population-based clinical measurement studies. However,...

We propose a technique for bridging the gap between the user's and the implementor's points of view in designing software. This technique relies heavily on OO technology and on rule based programming. It borrows part of its inspiration from the AI subfield of Knowledge Acquisition. This technique is implemented as a system now called MÉTAGEN [Sahraoui94], written in Smalltalk-80. Several applic...

Generic proof systems like Isabelle provide some limited but useful metatheoretic facilities for declared logics; in particular, users can prove simple derived rules and alsòsolve' formulae that contain meta-variables | a technique useful for, e.g., program synthesis. We show how an arbitrary rst order theory can be conservatively extended to provide similar facilities, without a supporting met...

Clinical decision-making requires synthesis of evidence from literature reviews focused on a specific theme. Evidence synthesis is performed with qualitative assessments and systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials, typically covering statistical pooling with pairwise meta-analyses. These methods include adjusted indirect comparison meta-analysis, network meta-analysis, and mixed-treatm...

We present a description technique for the correct construction of programs that allows us to deene terms like reenement, model-checking, and synthesis as special operations within this framework. From that meta-view on program constructions both advantages and disadvantages of all methods mentioned become clear. Furthermore, it becomes clear that an incremental program construction seems to be...

The ability to speed up conventional Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) has many advantages including increased productivity. One way to speed up conventional Fmoc SPPS is the choice of activator. Recently, several new activators have been introduced into the market, and they were evaluated along with some older activators for their ability to synthesize a range of peptides with shorter ...

This article suggests the routine use of replications in field studies. Since replications are generally independent, it is usually possible to synthesize them quantitatively using meta-analysis, a technique heretofore associated primarily with amalgamating prior work. It is argued that the use of replication as a feature in data collection and quantitative synthesis for data analysis is especi...

The benzyloxycarbonyl (Z-) residue, an important protecting group in peptide synthesis, was introduced into the input data set o f the “Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides” (ECEPP) developed by Scheraga and coworkers. With additional modifications ECEPP is now prepared for conformational analysis o f peptides containing this amino end group. Preferred conformations o f the Z-re...