In the Americas the invention of complex metal­ lurgy can, on present evidence, be shown to have hap­ pened in two, perhaps, three regions. l Two of these centers of innovation combined to form a single tradition, that of the central Andes, and it was this tradition which spread northward, eventually arriving in Mesoamerica. In the central Andes, metallurgy ftrst appears in the Initial period, ...

shahdad and yahya which are two important prehistoric sites in the kerman province, are of most important forarchaeometallurgical studies. during excavations at these sites a number of metal objects have been discovered.moreover, evidence of metal working on the surface testify to manifacturing of metal objects. this also shows that thesite might have experienced craft specialization.the follow...

In sheet metal forming (SMF), the major failure reason is galling. Galling is a process of different wear stages that leads to destruction of both the forming tool and the sheet metal working piece and is, because of that, of big economic importance for the SMF industries. Therefore, investigations and researches about how tool steels microstructure affect the tool steels galling resistance is ...