The special issue “Enterotoxins: Microbial Proteins and Host Cell Dysregulation” is comprised of research articles and reviews covering a diverse group of toxins that affect the gut and dysregulate host immune response in mechanistically different ways. Excellent in-depth reviews of staphylococcal superantigens and Clostridium perfringens toxins are the cornerstones of this issue. The present e...

In this article are reviewed the promising uses of phage display in areas such as microbial pathogens detection and vaccination. Phage is a molecular technique by which foreign proteins expressed at surface particles. Such phages thereby become vehicles for expression that not only carry within them nucleotide sequence encoding proteins, but have also capability to replicate. Recent data acquir...

Biogenic formation of nano-sized particles composed of various materials (in particular, selenium) by live microorganisms is widespread in nature. This phenomenon has been increasingly attracting the attention of researchers over the last decade not only owing to a range of diverse applications of such nanoparticles (NPs) in nanobiotechnology, but also because of the specificity of methodologie...

Background:Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus express a myriad of adhesive surface proteins that play important role in colonization of the bacteria on nasal and skin surfaces, beginning the process of pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to screen several of the Microbial Surface Components Recognizing Adhesive Matrix Molecules (MSCRAMMs) genes among the isolate of S. a...

In recent years, the number of recombinant proteins used for therapeutic applications and industry has increased dramatically. Recombinant proteins are produced in many host organisms (microbial, insect, plant and mammalian cells). There are many factors to consider when choosing the optimal system for protein expression and purification including the mass, purity or solubility of the recombina...

bacteria make up about half of the living organisms inside of the rumen. however, they do more than half of the work in the rumen. the bacteria work together. some breakdown certain carbohydrates and proteins which are then used by others. some require certain growth factors, such as b-vitamins, which are made by others. some bacteria help to clean up the rumen of others’ end products, such as ...

Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-binding multi-functional glycoprotein which has numerous physiological functions such as iron transportation, anti-microbial activity and immune response. In this study, different in silico approaches were exploited to investigate Lf protein properties in a number of mammalian species. Results showed that the iron-binding site, DNA and RNA-binding sites, signal pepti...

Protein synthesis by rumen microbes plays an important role in ruminant nutrition. Microbial proteins that are not recycled flow out of the rumen and account for more than 50% of the total proteins entering the intestines. Determination of microbial nitrogen in digesta is based on the isolation of a representative sample of rumen microbes and on the use of specific markers (purine bases, RNA, 1...