Developing countries face uncertain trajectories for growth in the twenty-first century, with many finding themselves a ‘middle-income trap’. Extant theories politics of development that focus on domestic institutional strength and weakness represent necessary but not fully sufficient explanations middle-income countries. In order to explain uneven outcomes an era heightened globalisation, this...

We examine the joint distribution of levels of income per capita, life expectancy, and years of schooling across countries in 1960 and in 2000. In 1960 countries were clustered in two groups; a rich, highly educated, high longevity "developed" group and a poor, less educated, high mortality, "underdeveloped" group. By 2000 however we see the emergence of three groups; one underdeveloped group r...

Middle income trap merupakan kondisi dimana capaian pendapatan berada pada tingkah menengah selama bertahun-tahun dan tidak mampu bergerak ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi. Adanya Pandemi Covid-19 melanda seluruh dunia termasuk Indonesia menjadikan tantangan tersebut untuk keluar dari middle dalam extradionary. Perlu adanya terobosan sektor memiliki multiple effect sehingga mendorong perekonomian s...