PURPOSE Conceptual frameworks are approaches to a research problem that specify key entities and their relationships. The 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on resident duty hours, subsequent studies, and published responses to the report present a variety of conceptual frameworks for the study of the impact of duty hours regulations. The authors sought to identify and describe these conce...

High Performance (HP) battery electric vehicle (BEV) and racing applications represent significantly different use cases than those associated with conventional consumer vehicles and road driving. The differences between HP use cases and the duty-cycles embodied within established battery test standards will lead to unrepresentative estimates for battery life and performance within a HP applica...

Over the last decade a large number of routing protocols has been designed for achieving energy efficiency in data collecting wireless sensor networks. The drawbacks of using a static sink are well known. It has been argued in the literature that a mobile sink may improve the energy dissipation compared to a static one. Some authors focus on minimizing Emax, the maximum energy dissipation of an...

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OBJECTIVE To compare the tobacco use profile of recruits with that of military personnel on active duty to determine whether the military environment in some way induces service members to initiate tobacco use. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional survey of United States armed forces active duty and recruit personnel in 1994-95. SUBJECTS 2711 military recruits and 4603 military personnel on a...

Background: The night duty is identified as an opportunity for extending students’ experiences that would not normally exist during the day. Third and fourth year nursing students in the Bachelor of Nursing (clinical) honors programmed are allowed to do night duty. Despite that, the learning opportunities available and challenges experienced during night duty are not known. Objective: The objec...

Network coding and duty-cycling are two major techniques for saving energy in wireless sensor networks. To the best of our knowledge, the idea to combine these two techniques for even more aggressive energy savings, has not been explored. This is not unusual, since these two techniques achieve energy efficiency through conflicting means, e.g., network coding saves energy by exploiting overheari...

This paper aims to study the characteristics of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from heavy-duty trucks in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, which is located in Northern China. The multiyear emissions of GHG (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from heavy-duty trucks fueled by diesel and natural gas during the period of 2006–2015 were compared and analyzed. The results show that the GHG emissions from heavy-...