BACKGROUND Previous studies on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has shown that this area plays an important role in addiction behavior. Other studies also indicated that exercise decreases use of morphine. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-term exercise on trends for use of morphine with an intact mPFC and lesion of that area. METHODS 50 rats randomly ...

Opioids such as morphine are important pain-relieving drugs but also carry a risk of harmful side effects including addiction. Morphine is active in both healthy and inflamed tissue, however, decreasing the pKa biochemically-active amine group can promote selective binding more acidic conditions tissue reduce associated with opioids. Herein, we explore impact fluorination on fluoromorphine deri...

Morphine-3- and morphine-6-glucuronide are morphine's major metabolites. As morphine-6-glucuronide produces stronger analgesia than morphine, we investigated the effects of acute and chronic morphine glucuronides on adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. Using COS-7 cells cotransfected with representatives of the nine cloned AC isozymes, we show that AC-I and V are inhibited by acute morphine and morp...

The clinical use of morphine to reduce pain is limited because of its drug tolerance, dependence and addiction. In the present study, the tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) developed morphine tolerance and chronic morphine dependence by morphine injections with increasing doses (5, 10, 15, 20 mg/kg body weight for 7 days). Meanwhile, the naloxone (1.25 mg/kg body weight)-induced condition...

In a previous paper (1928) the senior author stated that addiction to purified alkaloids of opium was a rare occurrence in India. In western countries morphine and of late years codeine and heroin also have been extensivelyused. In view of the fact that habitual use of alkaloids, such as cocaine, is being gradually introduced into India from these countries and from the Far East, the Drug Addic...

Patients with intravenous heroin addiction are prone to recurrent infections and at times these infections are fatal. We evaluated the effect of morphine on the apoptosis of Jurkat cells and freshly isolated human T lymphocytes. Morphine promoted apoptosis of both the Jurkat cells and the freshly isolated T lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. DAGO, a specific mu receptor agonist, also promo...

Drug addictions, like cancer, are terrifying conditions to the victims because of the feelings of hopelessness and abandonment generated by the rigors of and general failure of the orthodox "treatments." Although crude opium addiction has a very long history, the large-scale addictive use of morphine salts, in this country, is generally dated from their use on wounded Civil War soldiers. Follow...

We showed that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) can develop a morphine dependence. Rhesus monkeys successfully established a conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine treatment and this preference lasted for at least (36.3 ± 1.3) months. This animal model may be useful for research into addiction in humans.

Repeated use of drugs of abuse induces permanent changes in the brain that together with environmental factors can promote the development of addiction. Addiction to alcohol or drugs is a chronic disease that is characterized by a compulsion to seek and take the drug, loss of control in limiting intake, continued use despite obvious harm, and recurrent relapses. Behavioral animal models of addi...

Dopaminergic neurons are suggested to be a critical physiopathology substrate for addiction disorders. It is not well known whether the clonal mesencephalic dopaminergic cell line MN9D cells can be applied to study morphine addiction. Immunofluorescence staining and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect protein and mRNA expression of the μ, κ, and δ-opioid...