background pentavalent antimonials remain the choice of treatment for leishmaniasis, despite their toxicity, high cost, and difficult administration. as an alternative, morphine may induce the healing process of cutaneous leishmaniasis by its immunoregulatory characteristics. objectives to study the effect of morphine on the wound-healing process of cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) in a mouse model...

Morphine is metabolized in humans to morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G) and the pharmacologically active morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G). The hepatobiliary disposition of both metabolites relies upon multidrug resistance-associated proteins Mrp3 and Mrp2, located on the sinusoidal and canalicular membrane, respectively. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the severe stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver di...

353 caesarean sections (incidence 25%). We do not think that the apparently high rate of surgical interference bears any relation to the use of intrathecal morphine, but it is too early yet to be sure. Our next eight patients (not reported here) all delivered spontaneously, thus reducing the incidence of both forceps delivery and caesarean section to 15 ". In 1979 the incidence of forceps deliv...

Local infusion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) can prevent and reverse the ability of chronic morphine or cocaine exposure to induce tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in this brain region. The present study examined a possible role for extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERKs), the major effector for BDNF and related neurotrophins, in morphine and c...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Oxycodone is the mo st commonly used opioid for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. The peak cerebrospinal fluid concentration after epidural oxycodone was reported to be 300-fold greater (0.025 mM) than when administered intravenously after gynecologic surgery. Additionally, those patients administered epidural oxycodone had lower pain scores, needed less rescue...

Post operative pain is one of the important factor which affects the recovery of a patient especially in major surgeries and in elderly patients. Poor pain control is associated with increased morbidity and mortality also affecting the psychological condition of the patient. Recently multimodal analgesia is advocated wherein multiple drugs acting on different receptors are used to reduce the to...

Chronic morphine administration increases levels of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity in the locus coeruleus (LC), which contributes to the severalfold activation of LC neurons that occurs during opiate withdrawal. A role for the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) in mediating the opiate-induced upregulation of the cAMP pathway has ...

PURPOSE Cancer patients are often concurrently treated with analgesics and antineoplastic drugs, yet the influence of analgesic agents on therapeutic activity of antineoplastic drugs is largely unexplored. This study investigates the effects of three commonly used analgesics, which produce analgesia by different mechanisms, on cytotoxicity induced by cisplatin, a widely used antitumor agent, an...

BACKGROUND Chronic intrathecal morphine infusion produces intradural granulomas. The authors examined a variety of opioids infused intrathecal for analgesic activity and toxicity. METHODS Two sets of experiments were undertaken in dogs with chronic intrathecal catheters: (1) Six-hour intrathecal infusions were used to determine the full analgesic dose and the maximum tolerated dose. (2) To es...