introduction: our previous study has showed that chronic administration of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (mgo np) can reduce anxiety in adult male rat. in this study the effects of mgo np on anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal were investigated in adult male mice. methods: adult male nmri mice (weighing 27 ± 3 g) divided into groups: control, receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of mgo...

background: chronic administration of morphine cause physical dependence but the exact mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. the aim of this study is the assessment of systemic and intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of ramelteon (a melatonin receptor agonist) on morphine physical dependence. methods: 88 adult male rats were divided into 2 major groups, namely “systematic” and ...

introduction: morphine addiction and morphine withdrawal syndrome are the two main problems of today’s human society. the present study has investigated the effects of nicotine on the strength of physical and psychological dependency in single and repeated doses morphine administrated rats. methods: male wistar rats were subjected to morphine consumption with single or frequent dose protocols. ...

Introduction: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) inhibitor (KN-93) injection into the locus coeruleus (LC) on the modulation of withdrawal signs. We also sought to study the effect of chronic morphine administration on CaMKIIα activity in the rat LC. Methods: The research was based on behavioral and molecular studies. In the behav...

The mechanisms of drug dependence and rewarding properties of opiates are not exactly known and several neurotransmitters seem to be involved. It is possible that the rennin-angiotensin system could interact with the opioid system, since it has been shown that angiotensin II(Ang) and ACE inhibitors have analgesic, anticonvulsant and antidepression effects and in some cases they could antagonize...

Introduction: It has been shown that orexin peptides have a role in opioid withdrawal behaviors. Orexin-expressing neurons that are present in the hypothalamic nuclei send dense projections to the Locus Coeruleus (LC). Withdrawal syndrome is temporally associated with hyperactivity of LC neurons. However, LC neurons do not show withdrawalinduced hyperactivity in the brain slices from morphine-d...

BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to opiates induces physical dependence; however, the neurobiological mechanisms of this phenomenon are not completely clear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of systemic and intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of selegiline (a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B) on the morphine withdrawal syndrome in rats. METHODS To this aim...

Introduction: Our previous study has showed that chronic administration of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) can reduce anxiety in adult male rat. In this study the effects of MgO NP on anxiety induced by morphine withdrawal were investigated in adult male mice. Methods: Adult male NMRI mice (weighing 27 ± 3 g) divided into groups: control, receiving intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection...

background thymus species are well known medicinal plants which the previous studies suggested the involvement of the opioid system in them. objectives this study aimed to investigate the effects of methanolic extract and essential oil of aerial parts of thymus daenensis (td), an endemic aromatic medicinal plant of iran, on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice. materials and methods experiments...