Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements in China indicate that crustal shortening accommodates most of India's penetration into Eurasia. Deformation within the Tibetan Plateau and its margins, the Himalaya, the Altyn Tagh, and the Qilian Shan, absorbs more than 90% of the relative motion between the Indian and Eurasian plates. Internal shortening of the Tibetan plateau itself accounts for ...

Midlatitude weather and climate are dominated by the jet streams and associated eastward moving storm systems. Occasionally, however, these are blocked by persistent anticyclonic regimes known as blocking. Climate models generally predict a small decline in blocking frequency under anthropogenic climate change. However, confidence in these predictions is undermined by, among other things, a lac...

40 A global coupled climate model representative of the current generation of models is 41 shown to simulate most first order aspects of El Niño events, their teleconnections over 42 North America, and the associated observed patterns of extremes in present-day climate. 43 Future El Niño teleconnection patterns over the U.S. are projected to shift eastward and 44 northward due in part to the di...

The dynamics of equatorial currents are considered in the light of the wind and current measurements at Gan (0.5 S, 73E) reported by KNOX (Deep-Sea Research, 23, 211 221, 1976). For westerly and meridional winds the response of equatorial currents is predominantly local and rapid. It follows that the current reversals observed at Gan are most likely due to changes in the local winds and not to ...

Abstract: The classic solution of Fofonoff to the problem of free inertial flow in a closed basin is extended to the case where the potential vorticity, q, is linearly proportional to the streamfunction, with a negative definite constant, ́K2. Such a relation arises naturally in the presence of an eastward flow, instead of Fofonoff’s westward zonal flow on the β plane. The resulting solutions ca...

40 A global coupled climate model representative of the current generation of models is 41 shown to simulate most first order aspects of El Niño events, their teleconnections over 42 North America, and the associated observed patterns of extremes in present-day climate. 43 Future El Niño teleconnection patterns over the U.S. are projected to shift eastward and 44 northward due in part to the di...

Impacts of convective momentum transport (CMT) on tropical Pacific climate are examined, using an atmospheric (AGCM) and coupled GCM (CGCM) from Seoul National University. The CMT scheme affects the surface mainly via a convection-compensating atmospheric subsidence which conveys momentum downward through most of the troposphere. AGCM simulations—with SSTs prescribed from climatological and El ...

The authors discuss modifications to a simple linearmodel of intraseasonal moisturemodes.Wind–evaporation feedbacks were shown in an earlier study to induce westward propagation in an eastward mean low-level flow in this model. Here additional processes, which provide effective sources of moist static energy to the disturbances and which also depend on the low-level wind, are considered. Severa...

Net vertical air mass export by thermally driven flows from the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) to the free troposphere (FT) above deep Alpine valleys was investigated. The vertical export of pollutants above mountainous terrain is presently poorly represented in global chemistry transport models (GCTMs) and needs to be quantified. Air mass budgets were calculated using aircraft observations o...

Black auroras are recognized as spatially welldefined regions within uniform diffuse aurora where the optical emission is significantly reduced. Although a well studied phenomenon, there is no generally accepted theory for black auroras. One theory suggests that black regions are formed when energetic magnetospheric electrons no longer have access to the loss cone. If this blocking mechanism dr...