James Williams, OMD, LAc – Director of Integrative Medicine, East-West College of Natural Medicine and consultant on integrative medicine to Scripps Clinic. Correspondence address: 665 Orpheus Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024 E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract Most antigens, particularly viruses, enter the body through the mucosal epithelia where they are carried by afferent lymphatics to regiona...

These mucosal surfaces, while located inside the body, are actually a physical barrier between the outside and the sterile interior cavity of the body known as the “systemic” environment. Critical nutrients, oxygen and other molecules are constantly taken up across these mucosal barriers; however, another important function of the mucous is to keep invading pathogens out [15]. Daily these mucou...

Overcoming preexisting immunity to vaccinia virus in the adult population is a key requirement for development of otherwise potent recombinant vaccinia vaccines. Based on our observation that s.c. immunization with vaccinia induces cellular and antibody immunity to vaccinia only in systemic lymphoid tissue and not in mucosal sites, we hypothesized that the mucosal immune system remains naive to...

James Williams, OMD, LAc – Director of Integrative Medicine, East-West College of Natural Medicine and consultant on integrative medicine to Scripps Clinic. Correspondence address: 665 Orpheus Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024 E-mail: [email protected]. Abstract Most antigens, particularly viruses, enter the body through the mucosal epithelia where they are carried by afferent lymphatics to regiona...