This article reviews the available published knowledge about the diagnosis, pathophysiology and treatment of myofascial pain syndromes from trigger points. Furthermore, epidemiologic data and clinical characteristics of these syndromes are described, including a detailed account of sensory changes that occur at both painful and nonpainful sites and their utility for diagnosis and differential d...

OBJECTIVES To compare the efficacies of an intramuscular stimulation technique and 0.5% lidocaine injection to trigger points in myofascial pain syndrome. PARTICIPANTS Forty-three people with myofascial pain syndrome of the upper trapezius muscle. INTERVENTIONS Twenty-two subjects were treated with intramuscular stimulation and another 21 with 0.5% lidocaine injection at all the trigger poi...

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) constitutes a substantial portion of the pain spectrum, acute and chronic, as both the primary cause of disability, and as a complication arising from other problems such as failed low back surgery, cervical whiplash, overuse, or repetitive strain syndrome. MPS is a very specific type of muscular pain, and is not to be confused with fibromyalgia. It is common afte...

INTRODUCTION The additive effect of tense pelvic-floor holding patterns, trauma, inflammation, or pelvic organ disease can overload the muscles, stimulating the development of myofascial trigger points and pelvic floor hypertonus. The increased tenderness and tension in these muscles may refer pain into the lower back, abdomen, or perineum, or it may cause urethral, vaginal, or anal symptoms by...

This article considers specific treatment approaches and the role of etiological mechanisms in terms of clinical feature characteristics of MTrPs: increased muscle tension, pain and tenderness, painful stretch range of motion, initiating causes of MTrPs. Final sections note additional treatments that are currently used, and summarize the etiological and clinical distinctions between MTrPs and f...

Shoulder problems are common, with a 1-year prevalence ranging from 4.7% to 46.7% and a lifetime prevalence of 6.7% to 66.7%.Many different structures give rise to shoulder pain, including the structures in the subacromial space, such as the subacromial bursa, the rotator cuff, and the long head of biceps, and are presented in various lessons. Muscle and specifically myofascial trigger points (...

This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the history, pathophysiology, mechanisms of pain production, and proposed methods of treatment of myofascial trigger points. Despite the increasing body of published literature on this subject, many fundamental questions remain unanswered. This paper aims to give the therapist a greater understanding of the current know...

Botulinum toxin injection is used to treat various pain conditions including muscle spasticity, dystonia, headache and myofascial pain. Results are conflicting regarding the use of Botulinum toxin for trigger point injection in terms of improvement in pain. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review to assess the evidence for efficacy of Botulinum toxin A (BTA) compared with pla...