1Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea 2Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE) and School of Bioprocess Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia 3Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Himalayan College of Agricultural Sciences and Technology (HICAST), P....

Silaffins are involved in the formation of the cell walls of diatoms. It is known that silaffins can precipitate silica in vitro, forming nano- and micro-particles in the shape of spheres and plates containing many pores. It is important to note that the deposition of silica and the particle morphology in the presence of silaffins affects chemical and physical agents (e.g., peptides, polyamines...

Surface layer as the outer protective coverage of bacteria and archaea are two-dimensional crystalline and symmetrical arrays of proteins that recently attract a lot of attention for biologist scientists. The surface layers of bacteria are usually 5 to 10 nm in diameter and represent highly porous protein lattices with uniform size and morphology with the pore sizes of 2 to 8 nm. The crucial an...

Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding field seeking to utilize nano-scale structures for a wide range of applications. Biologically derived nanostructures, such as viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs), provide excellent platforms for functionalization due to their physical and chemical properties. Plant viruses, and VLPs derived from them, have been used extensively in biotechnology. They ha...

Besides biotechnology, nano-CT, the ideal technology, can also be used to observe three-dimensional nanostructures in intact cells as part of research into characteristics tight oil characteristics. There are few applications process and it is still early stage development, but advantages shown by 3D nanostructure technology very strong have applicability. Even face reservoirs with poor physica...

Nanolithography is the key technology driving technological progress in electronics, photonics, information technology and biotechnology. The tools and techniques used in the semiconductor industry have become too expensive for applications other than high-volume manufacturing. Masks, which are required for each unique design, can cost tens of thousands of dollars per layer. This economic const...