In the present study we compared the ability of commonly used diagnostic criteria for CI to discriminate between symptomatic pediatric patients and normal controls with corresponding sensitivity and specificity parameters of a novel test of Near Point of Fixation Disparity (NPFD) and a measure of Associated Positive Fusional Convergence (APFC). The results yielded 95% sensitivity and 100% speci...

We studied the relationship between eye position in the awakened state and in the surgical plane of anesthesia in orthophoric and horizontal strabismus patients. We classified 105 orthophoric and horizontal strabismus patients into 5 groups, measured the eye position at the primary position by photographic measurement of the corneal reflex positions and undertook a quantitative study of eye pos...

PURPOSE To compare vergence adaptation to +2 D addition lenses in myopic and emmetropic children and to evaluate the influence of the accommodative-vergence crosslink (AC/A ratio) on this adaptation. METHODS Nine myopic and 11 emmetropic children fixated a near target at a distance of 33 cm. Measures of binocular and monocular accommodation and phoria were obtained during a 20-min near task w...

Background Convergence Insufficiency (CI) is a common binocular vision disorder characterized by exophoria more at near than at far, a receded Near Point of Convergence (NPC), and decreased Positive Fusional Vergence (PFV) at near. This disorder is often associated with several symptoms that may disturb the person's quality of life. Therefore, diagnosis and treatment of CI is a vital issue. O...

Previous studies have found the modified Thorington test and the Howell phoria card test to be more repeatable than the von Graefe test. Another potential way to assess the value of a test could be to correlate test results with the level of symptoms. Near dissociated phorias were measured with the modified Thorington, Howell phoria card, and von Graefe procedures with 50 subjects between the a...

Background: This paper reflects an effort to recreate a modern analysis of a 1985 study on surgical outcomes of intermittent exotropia. Post-surgical results are reported as functional, motor, cosmetic, and unsuccessful. Modern optometric approaches to management of intermittent exotropia are also discussed. Methods: A literature review of 17 acceptable papers (dating from 1990-2011) on the out...

T'HE fact that the consumption of a sufficient quantity of alcohol will cause diplopia, even in subjects who normally show no heterophoria, is well known. Until recently, the author, in common with many others, thought that this was due to a toxic exotropia, such as is seen in the early stages of anaesthesia. Powell (1938) and Colson (1940) have shown that the effect of alcohol on lateral heter...