The system of administrative units for a state like Switzerland can be formally described by a totally ordered set of nested partitions where, e.g., the municipalities make up a finer partition than the partition induced by districts. Based on these partitions one can define binary non-symmetric nearness relations between regions in which the second argument determines the granularity (or the s...

In gb, the importance of phrase-structure rules has dwindled in favour of nearness conditions. Today, nearness conditions play a major role in defining the correct linguistic representations. They are expressed in terms of special binary relations on trees called command relations. Yet, while the formal theory of phrase-structure grammars is quite advanced, no formal investigation into the prop...

Background: Determining the genetic gender has been a human's inaccessible will during the history. Today science resolves the problem; pre implantation diagnosis (PGD) is used as a method of genetic disease diagnosis and gender determination. The holy Quran in many verses ascribes genetic gender determination and recognition to Allah, the Almighty. Hence, according to some, genetic gender...