Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID). As a result, the inhibition of TNF is an important therapeutic avenue in the treatment of these pathophysiologically diverse disease states. This section discusses TNF, its receptors, and its role in immunoregulation and inflammation, as well as the currently available anti-TNF-...

purpose: to report a case of acute retinal necrosis following herpetic encephalitis. case report: a 25-year-old male presented with pain and visual loss in his left eye. he had herpetic encephalitis 1 month prior to the visual symptoms. ophthalmologic examination and paraclinical evaluation disclosed acute retinal necrosis. conclusion: herpetic encephalitis may be a risk factor for acute retina...

We have developed a rat model of ischemic bowel necrosis associated with shock by injection of platelet-activating factor (PAF) or a combination of PAF and endotoxin. Recent investigations have shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) also induces shock and necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract. The morphological changes of TNF-induced bowel lesions are indistinguishable from those caused by PAF...

conclusions special high-risk groups, including patients with ltbi, should be treated before receiving tnf-α inhibitors. the tuberculin skin test (tst) is a somewhat cost-effective test for the diagnosis of ltbi. however, its usefulness with respect to false results should be re-evaluated in this situation. results there were somewhat different approaches proposed by various researchers regardi...

objective(s): acquisition of tnf-α resistance plays role in the onset and growth of malignant tumors. previous studies have demonstrated that mcf-7 cell line and its doxorubicin resistant variant mcf-7/adr are resistant against the cytotoxic effects of tnf-α. in this study, we investigated the role of akt activation in resistance of mcf-7 and mcf-7/adr against tnf-α cytotoxicity. materials and ...

conclusions in the chinese han population that we studied, nafld patients who carry the tnf-α-238 ga polymorphism have an increased risk of developing cad. mechanisms underlying this potentially important association require further investigation. background cardiovascular events account for the main cause of death in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld), and are largely infl...

background: bone resorption is one of the main features of inflammatory periapical lesions and is mainly mediated by interleukin-1 beta (il-1β), tumor necrosis factoralpha (tnf-α) and prostaglandin-e2 (pge2). recent investigations of these lesions revealed that pharmacological modulation may be possible. objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ibuprofen on il-1β, tnf-α an...

many species of tea (camellia sinensis) and cowslip (echium amoenum) are used in iranian traditional medicine. the aim of this study was to conduct the survey on the ability of iranian black tea and cowslip extracts on secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) by non-infected and infected mouse macrophages. a macrophage infection model with legionella pneumophila and enzyme linked im...