introduction: neonatal period damages occur due to mechanical forces (compression, stretching) during the birth process are classified as birth trauma. various maternofetal factors, such as maternal diabetes, breech or other noncephalic presentations and birth weight might have been effective in developing prenatal trauma. shoulder dystocia, which is common in neonates` of diabetic mothers, usu...

The outlook for the fetus and infant of the diabetic mother has changed remarkably over the past 70 years. Following the discovery of insulin in 1922, young diabetic women who were previously practically infertile, were introduced to the option of conceiving and bearing children. Pregnancy-related maternal mortality, which had previously been extremely high in this group of patients, fell drama...

The high pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of atelectatic, hypoxic, fetal lungs limits intrauterine pulmonary blood flow (PBF) to less than 10% of combined right and left ventricular output. At birth, PVR decreases precipitously to accommodate the entire cardiac output. The present review focuses on the role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, and vascular smooth muscle po...

The physiological mechanisms involved in the alterations in calcium homeostasis during pregnancy are complex. The fetal acquisition of calcium, for skeletal growth, is obtained by an increase in intestinal calcium absorption in the mother with transplacental calcium transfer to the fetus. The regulation of calcium homeostasis during the transition from the intrauterine to the extrauterine envir...

histomorphologic and histomorphometric studies on the pancreas of mehraban male sheep were done in four age groups: fetus, neonate, young adult and old age in this respect, we used special stainings, light microscope and ocular micrometer. the results showed that the smooth muscles were absent in capsule. the tubular portion of exocrine pancreas was more prominent. neuroinsular complex and beta...