Most intraorbital structures are supplied by branches of the ophthalmic artery (OA) which is the first branch of the internal carotid artery after it exits from the cavernous sinus. OA, proceeds in optic canal embedded in dura mater of the optic nerve [1]. Within OA’s branches, there are pial vessels and central retinal artery, a main intraneural branch. In addition to these, there is a strong ...

Some diseases require medical mitigation following the diagnosis, and sometimes situation means that patient has to undertake strong medication. However, this medicine is designed pharmacodynamically interact with other organs before they reach intended organ. imposes challenges on involved While main organ will be healed, some drugs’ footprints left out organs. These are called iatrogenic inju...

Background & Importance: Primary hemifacial spasm is usually caused by microvascular compression of the facial nerve at its root exit zone at brainstem without any space-occupying pathology. Secondary or so-called symptomatic hemifacial spasm has an additional underlying pathology e.g. tumors leading to the microvascular compression. We review and discuss the pathophysiology and the literature ...

temporal bones. The orbit consists of the maxilla, zygoma, frontal, sphenoid, orbital, and lacrimal bones (Fig. 76.1). The face is conventionally divided into thirds: upper, middle, and lower. The borders of each third are loosely defined by branches of the trigeminal nerve, which provides sensory innervation to the face. Identification of the exiting foramen for the distributing branches of th...

An experiment was carried out to study the genetic components for eight panicle characters in rice using an 8-parent half diallel cross excluding reciprocals during Transplant Aman season, 2003. The parental genotypes used in the study were BRRI dhan29, BR4828-54-4-l-4-9, BRR1 dhan28, 1R8, Amol3, 1R6561038-2-4-2-6-3, Minikit and ZhongYu7, which were chosen for their diversity in panicle charact...

the present investigation was carried out to study the variability, heritability, correlations and path coefficient analysis in 14 kabuli type chickpea genotypes during three successive cropping seasons (2011-14), in a randomized complete block design with four replications. combined analysis suggested significant differences between genotypes for most of characteristics. the highest phenotypic...

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is a common post-operative complication of many head and neck surgeries. Theoretically, the best treatment to restore partial function to a damaged recurrent laryngeal nerve would be reinnervation of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle via anastomosis of the recurrent laryngeal and phrenic nerves. The pig is an excellent model of human laryngeal anatomy and physi...

During metamorphosis the leg neuromuscular system of the moth Manduca sexta undergoes an extensive remodeling as the larval muscles degenerate and are replaced by new muscles in the adult. The terminal processes of persistent leg motoneurons undergo severe regression followed by regrowth (Consoulas et al., 1996), accompanied, as shown here, by the loss and re-establishment of functional presyna...