Pediatric and inherited neurovascular syndromes have diverse presentations and treatments. Although many of these diseases are uncommon, they must be included in the differential diagnosis for children with strokes or hemorrhages. In neurosurgical practice, familial cavernous malformations, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT), and moyamoya are the most frequently encountered of these di...

Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome (ARS) is comprised of a group autosomal dominant disorders that are each characterized by anterior segment abnormalities the eye. Mutations in transcription factors FOXC1 or PITX2 most well-studied genetic manifestations this syndrome.Due to rarity syndrome, ARS-associated neurological have not been well characterized. The purpose systematic review characterize and desc...

Eagle's syndrome is often associated with elongated styloid process or ossified stylohyoid or stylomandibular ligament. Patients with this syndrome present with recurrent cervicofacial pain. Surgical removal of the elongated styloid process is a standard treatment and can be accomplished through either a transoral or extraoral approach. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages, and the...

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) is the constellation of symptoms caused by compression of neurovascular structures at the superior aperture of the thorax, properly the thoracic inlet! The diagnosis and treatment is contentious and some even question its existence. Symptoms are often confused with distal compression neuropathies or cervical

Hip spica cast is a useful modality for the lower limb immobilization in children with hip and femur pathologies. Single, one half, double may be applied depending on indication. The position of also dependent underlying pathology which being applied. inguinal region knee are potential weak spots these should reinforce during application. Potential complications include plaster sores, breakage,...