BACKGROUND A vaccine is needed to control the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). An in vitro assay that can predict the protection induced by a vaccine would facilitate the development of such a vaccine. A potential candidate would be an assay to quantify neutralization of HIV-1. METHODS AND FINDINGS We have used sera from rhesus macaques that have been immunized with HIV ...

Altogether 562 sheep and goat blood serum samples were collected from livestock located in Konya, Burdur, and their environs in Turkey. The samples were tested for bluetongue virus antibodies by ELISA and serum neutralization test (SNT). Fifty-four (17.1%) out of 315 sheep serum samples from Konya and 1 (1.5%) out of 66 sheep serum samples from Burdur were detected as seropositive. Seventy-thre...

HIV-1 virions infect target cells by first establishing contact between envelope glycoprotein trimers on the virion's surface and CD4 receptors on a target cell, recruiting co-receptors, fusing with the cell membrane and finally releasing the genetic material into the target cell. Specific experimental setups allow the study of the number of trimer-receptor-interactions needed for infection, i....

The performance of two Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLCs), Proportional-Derivative Controller (PD-FLC) and Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller (PID-FLC) for the pH control was studied in a neutralization process. The process used to test the controller performance is the continuous neutralization of acetic and propionic acids in a water stream with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. T...

The process of sulfation products neutralization in the production surfactants is not basic, but at this stage positive effects obtained organic matter with sulfur trioxide gas are fixed. To preserve degree obtained, it necessary to carry out under conditions precluding occurrence hydrolysis an acidic medium. reaction takes place a high heat release about 40 kJ / mol. Analysis literature data s...