We developed a gauge-covariant formulation of the non-equilibrium Green function method for the dynamical and/or non-uniform electromagnetic field by means of the deformational quantization method. Such a formulation is realized by replacing the Moyal product in the so-called Wigner space by the star product, and facilitates the order-byorder calculation of a gauge-invariant observable in terms...

Consumers voluntarily pay significant price premiums to acquire unobservable environmental attributes in green markets. This paper considers the performance of eco-certification policy under circumstances where consumers cannot discern environmental attributes in goods, but are able to form rational expectations regarding the extent of illicit activities in the green market. The main results ar...

the purpose of this research was to study the role of non-governmental organization inpreserving of urban green areas in the city of tehran. this is a descriptive-correlationresearch method. population of this study was 120 active members of two non-governmentalorganizations in tehran. after distributing the questionnaires, 62 questionnaires werereturned. content and face validity of the instru...

This paper models strategic interactions between non-identical duopolistic firms and a public interest / environmental organization (EO) that promotes "green" production practices by threatening consumer boycotts against "brown" producers. The paper describes when boycotts are deterred by prior firm commitments to be "green" and, alternately, when a boycott arises in equilibrium, despite symmet...

An approach which allows to include the corrections from non-orthogonality of electron states in contacts and quantum dots is developed. Comparison of the energy levels and charge distributions of electrons in 1D quantum dot (QD) in equilibrium, obtained within orthogonal (OR) and non-orthogonal representations (NOR), with the exact ones shows that the NOR provides a considerable improvement, f...

Green and Lin study a version of the Diamond-Dybvig model with a finite number of agents, independent determination of each agent’s type (impatient or patient), and sequential service. For special preferences, they show that the ex ante first-best allocation is the unique equilibrium outcome of the model with private information about types. For general preferences, we show, via a simple argume...

The paper develops a political economy model to assess the interplay between party formation and an environmental policy dimension viewed as secondary to the redistributive dimension. We de…ne being a secondary issue in terms of the intensity of preferences over this issue rather than in terms of the proportion of voters who care for the environment. Equilibrium policies are the outcome of an e...

A red/green equilibrium light is one which appears neither reddish nor greenish (i.e. either uniquely yellow, uniquely blue, or achromatic). A subset of spectral and nonspectral red/green equilibria was determined for several luminance levels, in order to test whether the set of all such equilibria is closed under linear color-mixture operations. The spectral loci ofequilibrium yellow and blue ...