The evaluation of patients with suspected but not yet confirmed of coronary artery disease (CAD) has become increasingly complex in the past decade. Multiple noninvasive modalities are now available with individual strengths and weaknesses. Decision making on noninvasive testing when evaluating stable chest pain is further complicated by the observed sex disparity in the clinical presentation, ...

Twelve long-distance runners were evaluated by physical examination, electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, chest x-ray film, and echocardiogram; and the results were compared to the findings in 12 normal control subjects. The athletes showed a significantly higher frequency of gallop rhythms with a third or fourth heart sound. Fiectrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities consisting...

The first signs of arterial insufficiency can be subtle because painful ambulation may be caused by many disorders (such as arthritis, spine disease or muscle disorders). A noninvasive peripheral vascular exam which combines three physiologic tests —dopplers, segmental pressures and pulse volume recordings (PVR) — may give you the information needed to rule out or in vascular cause for your pat...