Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral pathogen of cattle causing several clinical syndromes. There are usually no pathognomonic clinical signs of BVDV infection. Diagnostic investigations therefore rely on serological detection and virus isolation. Nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) as immunogenic protein of BVDV is genetically and antigenically conserved among different isolates....

Hepatitis C virus encodes a large polyprotein precursor that is proteolytically processed into at least 10 distinct products, in the order NH2-C-E1-E2-p7-NS2-NS3-NS4A-NS4B-NS5A-NS5B -COOH. A serine proteinase encoded in the N-terminal 181 residues of the NS3 nonstructural protein is responsible for cleavage at four sites (3/4A, 4A/4B, 4B/5A, and 5A/5B) in the nonstructural region. NS4A, a 54-re...

Four rumen fistulated Holstein calves (BW 132.3 ± 1.61 kg) fed high concentrate diets (10 to 90, forage to concentrate ratio) were assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design to investigate the effects of nonstructural carbohydrate (barley or corn) and protein (soybean meal or sunflower meal) sources on ruminal fermentation and animal performance. The following 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatm...

Recently it has been shown by several laboratories that the influenza A virus nonstructural protein 1 (A/NS1) binds and activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). This function of the protein is likely to prevent premature apoptosis induction during viral propagation. Here we show that the B/NS1 protein completely lacks the capacity to induce PI3K signaling. Thus, PI3K activation is anothe...

The Sindbis-group alphavirus S.A.AR86 encodes a threonine at nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) 538 that is associated with neurovirulence in adult mice. Mutation of the nsP1 538 Thr to the consensus Ile found in nonneurovirulent Sindbis-group alphaviruses attenuates S.A.AR86 for adult mouse neurovirulence, while introduction of Thr at position 538 in a nonneurovirulent Sindbis virus background con...