Progressive fetal growth restriction (FGR) is often an indication for delivery. In dichorionic diamniotic (DD) twin pregnancy with growth restriction only affecting one fetus (selective fetal growth restriction: sFGR), the normal twin is also delivered prematurely. There is still not enough evidence about the optimal timing of delivery for DD twins with sFGR in relation to discordance and gesta...

PREGNANCY was tentatively diagnosed in a 2 y2 -year-old nulliparous Bongo antelope (Boocerus eurycerus) on Feb. 4, 1972, and she was separated from the herd on Feb. 26, 1972. Mammary gland development and vulvar swelling was noticed in early March and the position of the fetus was cranioventral in the abdomen. Signs of labor and impending parturition occurred on March 25, 1972. During a 5-hour ...

Background Fetal growth restriction is the second leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. The incidence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is estimated to be approximately 5 percent in the general obstetric population. Abnormal uterine artery suggest a maternal cause for the growth restriction where as normal uterine artery Doppler studies suggest that a fetal cause. Use of u...

Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) syndrome is a rare condition (0.3:10,000 births) that occurs in monochorionic twin pregnancies, resulting in coexistence of a normal "pump" twin and an acardiac twin. The acardiac twin is dependent upon the normal twin to provide circulation by means of vascular anastomosis. Many of the bizarre defects are felt to be caused by low oxygen tension and this ...

Clinical and experimental studies suggest that the growth-restricted fetus at increased risk of impaired cardiovascular function that likely contributes to both increased mortality rate and in survivors, to cardiovascular dysfunction apparent in childhood and later life. Fetal growth restriction is also associated with a high risk of preterm birth. Accordingly, the growth-restricted fetus is mo...

Placental mesenchymal dysplasia (PMD) is a rare benign placental abnormality. It is characterized by hydropic degeneration of stem villi, placentomegaly, and increased maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). It can be associated with different congenital abnormalities, karyotype abnormalities, and feto-maternal morbidities. It is difficult to differentiate PMDfrom partial mole, complete mole wi...

We present two case reports of twin reversed arterial perfusion sequencea rare type of twin-twin transfusion syndrome wherein there is abnormal development of one fetus which derives its blood supply from the normal fetus. It is present in cases of monochorionic twin pregnancies and is also known as chorangiopagusparasiticus. Prompt diagnosis and intervention are needed to prevent the death of ...