Background. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with increased risk of obstetrical and gynecologic complications and acquisition of sexually transmitted diseases. Despite this, very little is known about the pathogenesis of this disease. Methods. Interleukin (lL)-II3, tumor necrosis factor-a, IL-6, and IL-8 concentrations in vaginal wash and serum samples from women with normal flora, interm...

Normal vaginal flora of sexually mature women consists of lactobacilli, transient or commensal anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, and Candida species from skin and gut flora. The normal pH value of vaginal flora is 3.8–4.4. Lactobacilli predominate in the vaginal flora, primarily L. crispatus, L. gasseri, L. iners and L. jensenii, depending on ethnicity. Normal pH values differ significantly betwe...

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The normal flora of laboratory mice at The Rockefeller Institute, fed on a bread and milk diet, was determined. Bacillus acidophilus and Bacillus bifidus outnumber the Bacillus coli, Bacillus acidi lactici, and Bacillus coli communior group about twenty-five to one. White and yellow cocci which may or may not liquefy gelatin are occasionally noted; spirochetal and vibrio forms and yeasts are us...

conclusions our results indicated that the dissemination of pi-1 was widespread in s. pneumoniae isolates, although no pi-2 isolates were detected. furthermore, the frequency of rlra and rrgc of clinical isolates was significantly more than that of normal flora isolates. results the results confirmed the presence of rlra and rrgc genes in both clinical (n = 39) and normal flora (n = 26) isolate...

Actinomycete-like organisms are well recognised members of normal mucosal flora but some strains are thought to contribute to commensal skin flora too. From here they may become pathogenic. The actinomyces family has undergone significant taxonomic revision in recent years. A new species, Actinobaculum massiliae, closely related to Actinomyces spp., was first discovered in 2002. This case descr...

The bacterial flora of the normal urethra, especially anaerobic flora, has been poorly documented. In this paper the aerobic and anaerobic flora of the normal urethra was studied. Aerobes were isolated in 100% of 178 urethras. 21 % of the aerobes were gram negative bacilli. Anaerobes were isolated in 48% of 100 male urethras and 45% of 78 female urethras. Multiple strains of anaerobes were foun...