One criterion of the effectiveness of nutritional sprays is the rate at which the foliar applied nutrients are absorbed by the leaf and translocated to other plant parts including the roots. Two distinct but not easily separated processes, absorption and transport, are involved. Initial penetration most likely involves passage through the cuticle and epidermal cells (17, 20); stomata may also p...

The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is essentially a long tube extending from the mouth to the anus with a number of specialized regions. Most of the nutrients (Chapter 10) in food have to be digested before they can be assimilated. Digestion involves the hydrolysis of polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, proteins and lipids in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The products of hydrolysis, such as monosacc...

To convert physiological requirements into dietary requirements, adjustments are needed for some nutrients that take into account certain diet- and host-related factors specific to a country or region. Nutrients whose requirements should be adjusted in this way include calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, protein, folate, vitamin A, and carotenoids. The diet-related factors that must be considered d...

The elderly people have various physiological dysfunctions and the high morbidity rates as well as a high risk of malnutrition with many diseases. Gustatory dysfunction is also observed as a usual clinical problem in the elderly. In the elderly, elevation of the gustatory threshold for umami taste, as well as for salty, sweet, sour, and bitter tastes, has been confirmed. Glutamate (Glu), one of...