Rural firms have a higher survival rate than urban firms. Over the first 13 years after firm entry, the hazard rate for firm exits is persistently higher for urban firms. While differences in firm attributes explain some of the rural-urban gap in firm survival, rural firms retain a survival advantage 18.5% greater than observationally equivalent urban firms. We argue that in competitive markets...

Suppose we are interested in estimating the average causal effect from an observational study. A doubly robust estimator, which is a hybrid of the outcome regression and propensity score weighting, is more robust than estimators obtained by either of them in the sense that, if at least one of the two models holds, the doubly robust estimator is consistent. However, a doubly robust estimator may...

abstract background: physical activities among adolescents affects health during pubescence and adolescence and decrease in physical activities among adolescents has become a global challenge. the aim of the present study was to define the relation between the level of physical activity among adolescent girls and their health beliefs as personal factor and level of observational learning as env...

muḥyī al-dīn maghribī is among the few astronomers of the middle ages whose astronomical system is entirely based on new measures of planetary parameters and whose measurement of the observational data and calculation processes for determining their amount have been carried out in maragha observatory. he has explained the details of his observations and calculations in a volume called talkhīṣ a...

1 Language 3 1.1 Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Dynamic Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Static Semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Contextual Equivalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

Background: An unexpected global pandemic broke out in initial months of 2020 i.e., COVID-19 which drastically brought a difference the progress education various institutions, especially medical field where we study about life was also made online. This aims to conduct comparative analysis students ‘opinion regarding is better, traditional teaching or online live teaching.Methods: Survey condu...

Prior work has shown that intuitionistic linear logic can be seen as a session-type discipline for the π-calculus, where cut reduction in the sequent calculus corresponds to synchronous process reduction. In this paper, we exhibit a new process assignment from the asynchronous, polyadic π-calculus to exactly the same proof rules. Proof-theoretically, the difference between these interpretations...

A symbolic-style proof system is presented to reason about observational equivalence for applied pi-calculus. The proofs of the soundness and completeness of the system rely on a recently developed theory of symbolic bisimulation for applied pi-calculus. The completeness result of the proof system is restricted to the finite fragment of applied pi-calculus which admits finite partition, and it ...