Ocular administration of the drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases and is not regarded as a means for gaining systemic drug action. Major classes of drugs used are miotics, mydriatics/cyclopegics, anti-inflammatory, antiinfectives, surgical adjutants and diagnostics, which are all meant for local therapy. Systemic action by using eye as a portal is generally av...

Over the recent decades, there has been seismic shift in the field of ocular drug delivery ranging from dosage form design to drug product commercialization. Advancements in the fields of nanotechnology, biomedical engineering and clinical science significantly improved the feasibility of ocular drug delivery. Despite these technological advances, there exists need to deliver drugs in therapeut...

To my dearest parents For their love, trust and supports ACKNOWLEGMENT I would like to thank my advisor, my thesis committee members, my research colleagues, my family and my friends who made this thesis possible. I would like to thank my thesis advisor, Mark Prausnitz for his support during my thesis work. Without his guidance, it would be difficult for me to complete my study. I would like to...

The last fifty years, ophthalmic drug delivery research has made much progress, challenging scientists about the advantages and limitations of this drug delivery approach. Topical eye drops are the most commonly used formulation in ocular drug delivery. Despite the good tolerance for patients, this topical administration is only focus on the anterior ocular diseases and had a high precorneal lo...

PURPOSE Conventional ophthalmic systems present very low corneal systemic bioavailability due to the nasolacrimal drainage and the difficulty to deliver the drug in the posterior segment of ocular tissue. For these reasons, recent advances have focused on the development of new ophthalmic drug delivery systems. This review provides an insight into the various constraints associated with ocular ...

Statement of Purpose: Targeted drug delivery into the eye is a challenging task because of a variety of barriers that prevent safe and effective delivery. Topical application to the eye is hindered by low residence time resulting in poor diffusion of drug into intraocular tissues. Intravitreal injection can deliver drugs to the retina effectively but is invasive and carries risk of infection. I...

Therapeutic proteins and peptides have become notable in the drug delivery arena for their compatibility with the human body as well as their high potency. However, their biocompatibility and high potency does not negate the existence of challenges resulting from physicochemical properties of proteins and peptides, including large size, short half-life, capability to provoke immune responses an...

Objective(s):  The aim of this study was to prepare a nanosuspension formulation as a new vehicle for the improvement of the ocular delivery of vitamin A.  Material and Methods:   Formulations were designed based on full factorial design. A high pressure homogenization technique was used to produce nanosuspensions. Fifteen formulations were prepared by the use of different combinations of surfa...

Normal vision depends on the optimal function of ocular barriers and intact membranes that selectively regulate the environment of ocular tissues. Novel pharmacotherapeutic modalities have aimed to overcome such biological barriers which impede efficient ocular drug delivery. To determine the impact of ocular barriers on research related to ophthalmic drug delivery and targeting, herein we prov...