The combined impact of multiple plant parasites on plant performance can either be additive (the total damage equals the sum of the individual effects) or nonadditive (synergistic or antagonistic damage). Two statistical models are available for testing the independent (=additive) effects of two factors. Here we suggest that the natural history of the plant-parasite system should motivate the c...

Foldscope is a paper microscope based on origami which easy to use and extremely portable. Paper doesn’t require any special laboratory facilities or high-cost chemicals. The present research study how foldscope can be used as an efficient tool for farmers get known about plant pathogens by seeing symptoms parts. For optical visibility of pathogen glass slides were along with small diseased par...

Two PCR primer pairs were designed to amplify rRNA genes (rDNA) from all four major phyla of fungi: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridomycota, and Zygomycota. PCRs performed with these primers showed that both pairs amplify DNA from organisms representing the major taxonomic groups of fungi but not from nonfungal sources. To test the ability of the primers to amplify fungal rDNA from environmen...