Ultrasonic extraction of kerogen derived by acid treatment of Huadian oil shale is performed using an organic solvent. The most effective solvent is the 60:40 (wt%) mixture of chloroform and carbon disulfide, and the suitable mass ratio of the demineralized oil shale to solvent is 1:20. The oil yield by ultrasonic extraction can reach 15.6% based on the demineralized oil shale, compared with a ...

The US shale exploration and production (E&P) industry has grown since 2007 due to the development of new techniques such as hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. As a result, the share of shale gas in the US natural gas production is almost 50%, and the share of tight oil in the US crude oil production is almost 52%. Even though oil and gas prices decreased sharply in 2014, the product...

Estonian shale oil contains about 25--30% phenols, and their action determines the toxicity of shale oils. The clinical symptoms of intoxication are rather similar, regardless of route of administration. Due to neurotropic action, the coordination of movements is impaired, and clonic and tetanic convulsions, paresis and paralysis of extremities, and narcosis are observed. In subacute and chroni...

Eastern Estonia has large oil shale mines and industrial facilities mainly focused on electricity generation from oil shale and shale oil extraction, which produce high air pollution emissions. The "Study of the health impact of the oil shale sector-SOHOS" was aimed at identifying the impacts on residents' health and annoyance due to the industrial processing. First, a population-wide survey ab...

Implementation of hydraulic fracturing dramatically altered the fundamentals in the oil and gas markets. A new technology rst got implemented in the natural gas market, but by 2012 unprecedentedly low gas prices forced most exploration rms to switch to shale oil exploration. Large capital expenditure on drilling activity resulted in the growth of oil production in the US, and likely triggered t...

The high cost of commercial active carbon has motivated the study of new adsorbents materials with the aim to reduce costs of the residuary waters treatment by means of adsorption process. Among then, the pyrolyzed oil shale has demonstrated adsorbents characteristic and has been studied as adsorbent material for organic and inorganic pollutants. In oil refineries, before deciding for the impla...

Oil shale is a sedimentary rock that contains kerogen, a fossil organic material. Kerogen can be heated to produce oil and gas (retorted). This has traditionally been a CO2-intensive process. In this paper, the Shell in situ conversion process (ICP), which is a novel method of retorting oil shale in place, is analyzed. The ICP utilizes electricity to heat the underground shale over a period of ...

The gas extraction technological developments of the 2000s have allowed shale gas production, which in the US has become a significant part of the total gas production. Such a significant change might have affected the long-run relationship between oil and natural gas prices postulated by several authors. By using monthly data of oil and gas prices, as well as gas quantities from 1997 to 2013, ...

While oil shale has the potential to provide a substantial fraction of our nation’s liquid fuels for many decades, cost and environmental acceptability are significant issues to be addressed. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) examined a variety of oil shale processes between the mid 1960s and the mid 1990s, starting with retorting of rubble chimneys created from nuclear explosions (...