BACKGROUND The tobacco industry has long sought affiliation with major sporting events, including the Olympic Games, for marketing, advertising and promotion purposes. Since 1988, each Olympic Games has adopted a tobacco-free policy. Limited study of the effectiveness of the smoke-free policy has been undertaken to date, with none examining the tobacco industry's involvement with the Olympics o...

BACKGROUND Injury and illness surveillance during high-level youth sports events is an important first step in health prevention and caretaking of the young elite athletes. AIM To analyse injuries and illnesses that occurred during the 10 days 2nd Youth Olympic Winter Games (YOG), held in Lillehammer 2016. METHODS We recorded the daily occurrence (or non-occurrence) of injuries and illnesse...

Planning, designing, and implementing systems to support venue operations at the Olympic Games is complicated. The organizing committees must create designs that result in reliable, high-quality venue operations at reasonable cost. The organizational backdrop is unique. The organizing committee has a limited lifetime, it has no organizational memory, any learning disappears with its dissolution...

This review examines gender identity issues in competitive sports, focusing on the evolution of policies relating to female gender verification and transsexual participation in sport. The issues are complex and continue to challenge sport governing bodies, including the International Olympic Committee, as they strive to provide a safe environment in which female athletes may compete fairly and ...

Each National Park Service unit in the United States produces a resources management plan (RMP) every four years or less. The plans commit budgets and personnel to specific projects for four years, but they are prepared with little quantitative and analytical rigor and without formal decision-making tools. We have previously described a multiple objective planning process for inventory and moni...

Despite reservations over the status of esports as sports, International Olympic Committee (IOC) has, for policy reasons, encouraged Federations to pursue links with providers ‘virtual and simulated’ in part by introduction an event, Virtual Series, first held 2021. In providing account ‘virtuality’ ‘simulation’, we query theoretical basis Series. particular, IOC’s use term ‘virtual’ descriptio...

Clearly, the enthusiasm of the spectators. An estimated 15 million people lined the streets for the Olympic Torch Relay through the UK, including 4.2 million in London alone. More than 7 million spectators visited venues in the first 10 days of the Games and 2.7 million spectators visited the Olympic Park. More than 5 million people attended Live Sites where events were displayed on big screens...

Long-distance dependencies in center-embedded recursion are among the most typical but also most difficult structures in human language (Corballis, 2007; Hauser, Chomsky, & Fitch, 2002). Concerning the impact of the learning sample on grasping object-action relations, there are two opposing arguments: more is better vs. fewer is better (Maguire, Hirsh-Pasek, Golinkoff, & Brandone, 2008). The fo...